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Geochemical Fractionation and Availability of Vanadium in Soils
Published in Jörg Rinklebe, Vanadium in Soils and Plants, 2023
Cho-Yin Wu, Maki Asano, Zeng-Yei Hseu
Vanadium is the fifth most abundant element among all transitional metals and ranks 22nd among all discovered elements in the Earth’s crust, with an average content of 97 mg/kg, which is two times higher than copper and 10 times higher than lead (Nriagu, 1998; McDonough and Sun, 1995). Vanadium exists in over 80 minerals, which can be divided into following groups: sulfides (e.g., patronite and sulvanite), sulfates (e.g., minisragrite and cheremnykhite), silicates (e.g., roscoelite), oxides (e.g., navajoite and montroseite), phosphates (e.g., vanadinite) and vanadates (e.g., chervetite, tyuyamunite, carnotite and volborthite) (Nriagu, 1998). In addition, vanadium associates in nearly 70 minerals such as pyroxenes, hornblende, biotite and magnetite as an admixture due to the sorption properties of vanadium oxides (Kabata-Pendias, 2011).
Vanadium—Speciation Chemistry Can Be Important When Assessing Health Effects on Living Systems
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Debbie C. Crans, Kahoana Postal, Judith A. MacGregor
Vanadium is an abundant transition metal in the earth’s crust and in certain mountainous areas the minerals in the rocks contain vanadium (Rehder 2015, Fortoul et al. 2014, Cooper et al. 2019, Crans et al. 2017). These minerals range from containing mainly vanadium to having vanadium as a minor component, with the most common being vanadinite ([Pb5(VO4)3Cl]). In addition, these minerals contain different types of metal oxides. As a result, it is not surprising that there is a wide range of properties described to these minerals. In some minerals, the vanadium can be more easily leached to the water table, whereas in other cases, it is rather insoluble (Gustafsson 2019).
Heavy Metals
Published in Abhik Gupta, Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination of Surface and Underground Water, 2020
Lead has an atomic number of 82, an atomic weight of 207.2, and a density of 11.35 g cm–3. It is a soft, malleable, ductile, and bright bluish-white metal which is a poor conductor of electricity. It has a low melting point (327°C). Galena or lead sulfide (PbS)—also commonly called lead glance—is the most common and abundant primary mineral containing lead, and is the principal commercial source of this metal. There are several other secondary ores of lead, such as anglesite or lead sulfate (PbSO4), formed by oxidation of galena; cerussite (PbCO3), a carbonate of lead and a weathering product of galena; crocoite or lead chromate (PbCrO4)—with a bright red color; wulfenite or lead molybdate (PbMoO4), which is orange-red or orange-yellow in color; and the greenish-hued pyromorphite or lead chlorophosphate [Pb5(PO4)3Cl]. Vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl] belonging to the apatite group of phosphates is a major ore of vanadium and a minor ore of lead; and mutlockite or matlockite is a rare lead halide (PbFCl), which is light yellow to greenish-yellow in color. Because of its soft and malleable nature and anti-corrosion properties, lead has been used since ancient times for manufacturing metal products. Both metallic lead and its various compounds have numerous industrial uses. Metallic lead is used for making pipes or sheets in chemical and building industries, for cable sheathing, as solder, and in storage batteries. Lead oxides (PbO and Pb3O4) are used in battery plates and accumulators. PbO is also used in rubber manufacture, and Pb3O4 in paints. Lead carbonates, sulfates, and chromates are used to manufacture white, yellow, orange, red, and green pigments. Because of its high density, it is extensively used as a shield against ionizing radiation. Tetraethyl lead was used as an anti-knock compound in gasoline until its use was prohibited in most countries. Lead arsenate was used as an insecticide. Many other lead compounds and lead alloys with antimony, arsenic, tin, and bismuth are used in numerous industrial activities (Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety 2012).
Selective separation of V(IV) from its solutions using modified cellulose
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Ahmed Yousif, Adel El-Afandy, Galal Dabbour, Amal E. Mubark
Determination of vanadium at trace levels is important for an understanding of its geochemical and biological effects as well as for monitoring of environmental pollution.[1] Vanadium is the fifth most abundant transition metal in the earth crust.[2] It originates from primary sources such as ores, concentrates, metallurgical slag, and petroleum residues.[3] It is also found at rather high concentrations in some freshwaters and is listed as a metal of concern by the United States Environmental Agency (USEA).[4] Vanadium is never found in its pure state, and it is one of rare earth elements. It occurs in combination with over 50 different minerals such as carnotite (K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O), vanadinite (Pb5(VO4)3Cl), and patronite (VS4).[5]