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Introduction
Published in Jay Gohil, Manan Shah, Application of Big Data in Petroleum Streams, 2022
The upstream segment operations consist of three main parts, namely, exploration, drilling (or development) and production. The exploration part, as the name suggests, includes the exploration by search of hydrocarbons through several means (including geological research, geological and geophysical surveys and seismology). It is thus usually considered a high-risk and high-cost activity. Moreover, exploration stage also includes the leasing agreements and acquiring permission from owners of resources (thought to contain economically viable petroleum reservoirs). This process generally includes, but not limited to, the following steps: opening for tenders, international competitive bidding, bidding factors & award procedures, data purchase, defining of negotiable bid factors/terms, invitation to bid and direct negotiations (possibly followed by re-tender).
Benchmarking of Oil and Gas Pipeline Companies in British Columbia: Integrating Integrity Management Program and Safety Culture Using a Risk-Based Approach
Published in Engineering Management Journal, 2022
Hassan Iqbal, Husnain, Haider, Bushra Waheed, Solomon Tesfamariam, Rehan Sadiq
The energy sector around the globe heavily relies on the Oil and Gas (O&G) industry (Govan & Reinschmidt, 2013). As oil is not available as a natural resource in all the regions, the fleets of bulk ships transport it in large quantities across the world (Dulebenets, 2018). O&G companies use large pipelines for inter-city distribution within a country. An O&G pipeline industry performs the following operations, (i) upstream activities, e.g., exploration, drilling, extraction, storage, and shipping, (ii) downstream activities, e.g., refining, distribution, and selling of the refined products. Technical challenges in O&G projects are continuously increasing with the recent breakthroughs in technologies (e.g., new drilling techniques) and changing safety and quality requirements (Kian Manesh Rad et al., 2017; Veritas, 2011). In addition, the O&G infrastructure needs to be resilient against high-risk natural disasters (Ilbeigi & Dilkina, 2018). Accordingly, O&G pipeline companies, together with the regulatory authorities, are taking proactive measures to overcome these challenges by implementing effective integrity management programs (IMPs) and emphasizing on strong safety culture (Hurst, 1997; Schneider et al., 2011).
Achieving water security in Nepal through unravelling the water-energy-agriculture nexus
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2021
Santosh Nepal, Nilhari Neupane, Devesh Belbase, Vishnu Prasad Pandey, Aditi Mukherji
The entire ecosystem depends on water for its function, but is itself also a major component of water supply, for example through capturing runoff, providing storage in soil and root systems, and recycling water to the atmosphere. A healthy ecosystem is essential for the water supply, and water is essential for a healthy ecosystem. Nepal’s 2005 National Water Plan made supporting water-dependent ecosystems a major priority (WECS, 2005). These ecosystems can be disturbed by upstream water uses, infrastructure development and pollution. For example, if water is diverted from a stretch of river for hydropower production, the lack of year-round flow along that stretch can affect the local ecosystem, especially fish and other riparian life. Environmental flow assessments provide an understanding of the amount of flow required in a river system to support the freshwater ecosystem. They should include an understanding of wet- and dry-season flows, natural high flows, extreme low flows, floods and interannual variability, all of which determine the flow regimes of river systems (Manandhar, 2016). In urban areas, rapid unplanned urbanization with direct disposal of household waste and sewerage into rivers has also harmed river ecosystems (Karn & Harada, 2001). Discharge from industry can also affect water quality and dependent ecosystems in downstream areas.
Work breakdown structure application for man-hours calculation in hull construction shipbuilding in Malaysia
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2019
W. A. Z. Wan Abd Rahman, N. I. Mohd Zaki, M. K. Abu Husain
Three (3) main categories of oil & gas activities in Malaysia are upstream, midstream and downstream. Upstream, known as Exploration and Production (E&P), normally involves finding, extracting and processing oil & gas from subsurface onto surface ready for transportation (Mat Soom, Abu Husain, Mohd Zaki, Azman, & Najafian, 2016). Midstream activities involve transportation and storage of crude oil and natural gas from E&P plant for further processing by pipeline, railway, road or tanker. Downstream, also known as refining & marketing (R&M), can be defined as further processing activity of crude oil and natural gas into a useful final product or raw material for other industry.