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Nanomaterials-Based Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare
Published in Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk, Biosensors, 2023
Jose Marrugo-Ramírez, L. Karadurmus, Miguel Angel Aroca, Emily P. Nguyen, Cecilia de Carvalho Castro e Silva, Giulio Rosati, Johann F. Osma, Sibel A. Ozkan, Arben Merkoçi
Tyrosinemia: Tyrosinemia is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase in the level of tyrosine in the blood due to the deficiency of the tyrosine aminotransferase enzyme and the presence of tyrosine in the urine. There are 3 types of tyrosinemia, each of which is genetically inherited, differing from each other in terms of cause and symptoms. In tyrosinemia, regular monitoring of some laboratory results is part of the treatment and enables healthcare professionals to establish appropriate treatment and follow-up (26–27).
Production of rosmarinic acid and correlated gene expression in hairy root cultures of green and purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Do Yeon Kwon, Yeon Bok Kim, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park
RA, a natural antioxidant, is a source of caffeic acid ester and widely found in plants of the Lamiaceae family.[8] RA and similar compounds are often called “labiate tanning agents” (derived from Lamiaceae) when their chemical structure is not completely known. However, RA has also been collected from other plant families.[9] Various activities of RA are known to be associated with pharmaceutical properties, such as antiallergic, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimutagen, astringent, and antioxidant activities.[9–11] Based on the enzyme activities detected in protein extracts, a pathway was formulated for the biosynthesis of RA.[12] It appears that there are two pathways by which RA is synthesized: the phenylpropanoid pathway and the tyrosine-derived pathway, beginning with the aromatic amino acids l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine, respectively (Figure 1).[13] In the phenylalanine pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first enzyme that deaminates l-phenylalanine to t-cinnamic acid. The enzyme PAL lies between primary and secondary metabolism as a branch point and can be transformed into many phenylpropanoid compounds, contributing to anthocyanin accumulation, lignification, flavonoid synthesis, pathogen defense, and the conversion of tyrosine to p-coumarate.[14] Both cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (CAH) are hydroxylated in position 4 to 4-coumaric acid.[15] The 4-coumarate coenzyme-A (CoA) ligase (4CL) changes p-coumarate to coenzyme-A ester, triggering the reaction with malonyl-CoA.[16] The other pathway begins with l-tyrosine, which is catalyzed to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate by the action of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT). RA biosynthesis also acts as a precursor for homogentisic acid and the essential metabolites plastoquinones and tocopherols. The 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase (HPPR) enzyme decreases 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to the corresponding 4-hydroxyphenyl-lactate.[10] The molecules 4-coumaroyl-CoA and 4-hydroxyphenyl-lactic acid are altered by rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS). Two distinct cytochrome P450s catalyze these reactions.[15]