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Bioanalytical Methods
Published in Jerome Greyson, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Pollutants and Their Determination in Air and Water, 2020
Determination of ammonia is based on its reaction with 2-oxo-glutarate in the presence of the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase and its coenzyme NADH 2-oxoglutarate+NADH+NH4+→glutamate dehydrogenaseL-glutamate+NAD++H2O
Triticum Aestivum L.): Effects on the Distribution of Protein Sub-Fractions, Amino Acids, and Starch Characteristics
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Susmitha S. Nambuthiri, Richard Koech, Technological Interventions in Management of Irrigated Agriculture, 2018
Divya Jain, Bavita Asthir, Deepak Kumar Verma
Gluten are large complex proteins composed of glutenin and gliadins, which are important in baking quality because of their impact on water absorption capacity of the dough. Their elasticity and extensibility can affect wheat flour quality extensively. Albumin and globulin probably have critical role in flour quality, while they also have dual role as nutrient reserves for the germinating embryo. The distribution of nitrogen assimilation throughout the plants depends on the plant species, age, and environmental factors. Ammonium originates in the plant from nitrate reduction by nitrate reductase, direct absorption, photorespiration, or deamination of nitrogenous compounds. It is assimilated into organic molecules primarily by the combined catalytic action of two enzymes, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase. GOT and GPT are responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamine to other amino acids, forming storage protein molecule, and thus play an important role in regulation of nitrogen metabolism in crop plants. Glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzes the amination of 2-oxoglutarate and the deamination of glutamate; the direction of the activity depends on specific environmental conditions.
Principles for quorum sensing-based exogeneous denitrifier enhancement of nitrogen removal in biofilm: a review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Ying-nan Zhu, Jinfeng Wang, Qiuju Liu, Ying Jin, Lili Ding, Hongqiang Ren
The C5 compound 2-oxoglutarate (i.e., 2-OG and α-ketoglutarate) is the key node of carbon and nitrogen metabolization pathways in microbial cells and an important metabolic intermediate in the microbial tricarboxylic acid cycle. It not only provides the carbon skeleton in nitrogen fixation cycle, but also drives the synthesis of glutamate, which provides nitrogen for most transaminases and is associated with 85% of the nitrogen-containing compounds in cells (Gosztolai et al., 2017). The ratio of glutamine to 2-OG (Glu/2-OG) is often used as an index for cells sensing the availability of carbon and nitrogen sources, and determines glutamate synthesis and the growth rate of bacteria (Muro-Pastor & Hess, 2020). As shown in Figure 4, when nitrogen occurs in excess, cells convert 2-OG to glutamate (Glu), which is further converted to glutamine (Gln) (Doucette et al., 2011). When nitrogen is deficient, glutamine (Gln) is used as a nitrogen source, that is, it reacts with 2-OG to generate two molecules of glutamic acid. When the carbon-nitrogen ratio(C/N) decreases, the abundance of genes for signal transduction and transcription increases (Jia et al., 2020). Glutamate uptake and GS/GOGAT cycle may be negatively regulated by C8-HSL (Kang et al., 2017). The mechanism of action between signaling molecules and carbon-nitrogen metabolism under different carbon-nitrogen ratios still needs further research.