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Characteristics of Polymers and Polymerization Processes
Published in Manas Chanda, Plastics Technology Handbook, 2017
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), trioctyl phosphate, diphenyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphate, and tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TOP) are used as plasticizers as well as flame retardants. They have a low volatility, resist oil extraction well, and are usually combined with other plasticizers. TCP is a good flame retardant plasticizer for technical PVC, PVAC, NC, and CAB. It is used for PVC articles especially in electrical insulation, but it is not recommended for elastic materials to be used at low temperature. Trioctyl phosphate is a better choice in low temperature applications but it offers a lower resistance to kerosene and oil extraction. Diphenyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphate is a good gelling agent for PVC. It also can be used for materials designed for low temperature application. TOP gels NC, PVCA, and PVC. It has markedly higher volatility than DOP, and it gives plastisols of low viscosity.
Synergy and isosterism design of a phosphorus-free lubricating additive
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Bo Zuo, Xiaoxu Ma, Li Wu, Jiang Zhao, Xinlei Gao, Kang Dai
Among the molecular structure of the lubricating additive with excellent tribological performance, phosphorus has always been considered as an element that plays an important role in the lubrication process and it is difficult to be replaced. For example, zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP), which is a widely used additive at present.[1–3] And trialkyl phosphate or triaryl phosphate as an antiwear additive is the only one that can operate under high torsion and low speed without wrinkles on metal surface.[4] It was also found that tricresyl phosphate is an essential extreme pressure and antiwear additive component of the grease for high and low temperature.[5] All these studies indicate that groups with a phosphorus atom or phosphate ester are notable tribological active groups. However, with the increasingly serious environmental problems, phosphorus pollution cannot be ignored in the process of controlling environmental pollution. We must pay more attention to the eutrophication of water and the pollution of soil caused by phosphorus, which have destroyed the natural ecological balance, endangered human health, and survival. In order to reduce environmental pollution, it has become a new direction of lubricant development to find an excellent phosphorus-free friction reduction and antiwear lubricant additive to replace the existing widely used traditional phosphorus ones.
Firefighter hood contamination: Efficiency of laundering to remove PAHs and FRs
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2019
Alexander C. Mayer, Kenneth W. Fent, Stephen Bertke, Gavin P. Horn, Denise L. Smith, Steve Kerber, Mark J. La Guardia
One fabric sample from each hood was analyzed for 15 PAHs using NIOSH Method 5506 (modified for bulk material analysis).[25] The other fabric sample was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) – atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) tandem mass spectrometry as previously described by La Guardia et al.[26] for the following compounds. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): 2,2’,4,4’-tetra-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE) (BDE-47), 2,2’,3,4,4’,-penta-BDE (BDE-85), 2,2’,4,4’,5-penta-BDE (BDE-99), 2,2’,4,4’,6-penta-BDE (BDE-100), 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexa-BDE (BDE-153), 2,2’,4,4’,5,6’-hexa-BDE (BDE-154), 2,2’,3,4,4’,5,6-hepta-BDE (BDE-183), and deca-BDE (BDE-209) .Non-PBDE flame retardants (NPBFRs): 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4, 5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), di (2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), hexabromocyclododecane (α-, β-, γ-HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA).Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP)) and non-halogenated organophosphate flame retardants (non-HOPFRs): tricresyl phosphate (TCP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP).
Lubricity of Low-Viscosity Aviation Fuel JP-10 and Tribological Behaviors of Silver (Ag) Films in JP-10
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2019
Bo Wu, Guangze Tang, Liqin Wang, Le Gu
To show JP-10’s boundary lubrication performance, friction tests of a polished M50 steel disc sliding against an Si3N4 ball (ϕ3.96 mm, 90 HRC, and Ra = 0.03–0.04 µm) were carried out under dry friction, in deionized water, commercial 4050 lubricating oil, and pure JP-10. The 4050 oil is a professional lubricating oil for aviation engines, in which the base oil is trimethylolpropane and the antiwear additive is tricresyl phosphate (TCP). The applied normal load FN was 3.8 N, corresponding to the theoretical maximum Hertz contact pressure P of 1.5 GPa, and the sliding speed v was 100 mm/s. The test time was set at 7,200 s.