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Occurrence and fate of CECs transformation products
Published in Manish Kumar, Sanjeeb Mohapatra, Kishor Acharya, Contaminants of Emerging Concerns and Reigning Removal Technologies, 2022
For the protection of public from accidental fires, flame retardants are widely used in different products and commodities such as furniture, plastics, mattresses electronic, and electrical equipment. More than 175 types of flame retardants are available in market. Hence, a large amount of that can be emitted to the environment during their entire life time (Zhang et al., 2016). They may get transformed into different products that are more toxic and persistent than the parent compound. Biotic and abiotic transformation of various industrial chemicals like VOC, corrosion inhibitors, plasticizers, etc. also results in the formation of various TPs. Table 3.5 summarizes some of the TPs formed from industrial chemicals.
Flame Retardants
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
The organo-phosphorus class includes organophosphates such as triphenyl phosphate (TPP), resorcinol bis (diphenylphosphate) (RDP), bisphenol A diphenyl phosphate (BADP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCP); phosphonates such as dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP); and phosphinates such as aluminum. In one important class of flame retardants, compounds contain both phosphorus and a halogen. Such compounds include tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (brominated tris), and chlorinated organophosphates such as TRIS (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (chlorinated TRIS or TDCPP) and tetrakis(2-chlorethyl) dichloroisopentyldiphosphate. These are most effective when they are in the highest oxidation state (P+5). Various phosphazene derivatives can be incorporated in the spinning bath of rayon filaments.
Current Trends in Membrane Science
Published in Mihir Kumar Purkait, Randeep Singh, Membrane Technology in Separation Science, 2018
Mihir Kumar Purkait, Randeep Singh
Typical flame-retardant materials are phosphate, chlorine, halogens, and ammonium based. These chemicals are not environmentally friendly and thus restricted in use. Therefore, there is need for the use and development of smart flame-retardant materials. This can be done by either using conventional materials in a smart or modified way, development of a material composition that will burn in a controlled manner, or adding a flame-retardant property to a product in a smart way. Therefore, to make this technique widely acceptable, materials and processes have to be developed with smart properties. Presently, work is ongoing in the said three ways for the development of smart flame-retardant materials.
Design Novel Environmentally-friendly Flame Retardants
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Rui Zhai, Zhao Yang, Yubo Chen, Yong Zhang, Zijian Lv
According to the inerting mechanism, flame retardants can be divided into physical flame retardants (Carbon dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen (N2), inert gas, etc.) and chemical flame retardants (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a), 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane (R245fa), Pentafluoroethane (R125), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane (R227ea), etc.) in energy conversion cycle. Physical flame retardants prevent the combustion process by cooling the temperature of the reaction system, diluting the concentration of the reaction gases, covering the combustible gas or blocking the contact of the combustible gas with oxygen. Chemical flame retardants stave burning through making chemical reactions with flammable gases, reactive free radicals, and spark centers, as a result of competition with combustion. Obviously, chemical flame retardants are superior in terms of the perfect effect of inflaming retarding.
Biomonitoring of firefighting forces: a review on biomarkers of exposure to health-relevant pollutants released from fires
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Bela Barros, Marta Oliveira, Simone Morais
Flame retardants are additives used in many consumer products and household materials to reduce flammability of combustible materials and their potential for ignition/propagation of fire (Zhang, Buekens, and Li 2016). Some PBDE compounds were already banned while others have increasingly restrictive use. Organophosphate esters were re-introduced to replace PBDEs; however recent findings demonstrated environmental and human concentrations at levels that were 1–3-fold higher than the values found for PBDEs (Covaci et al. 2011; Gao et al. 2018; He et al. 2018). Firefighters are exposed to these compounds through inhalation and/or dermal deposition of fumes released from the burning of furnishings, electric/electronic devices, transportation products and construction materials. In addition, contamination of PPE and dust from fire stations with flame retardant compounds was reported (Alexander and Baxter 2016; Easter, Lander, and Huston 2016; Fent et al. 2020; Mayer et al. 2019; Shen et al. 2015, 2018). These persistent and lipophilic pollutants, principally the ones with low molecular weight, accumulate in adipose tissue, serum, and breast milk and thus stored for many years (ATSDR 2017a).
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
Flame retardants cover a wide range of substances applied to combustible materials, intended to decrease the ability of those materials to burn. This ability to reduce the risk of a fire has to comply to certain flammability standards. The various consumer products in which they have potential use include, furnishings, automotive interior textiles and plastics, transportation, consumer electronics, electrical devices, and baby products. In the domain of the apparel and footwear industry, the flame-retarding finishes can be incorporated at different stages using various techniques. Their application is possible by:introducing the chemical into synthetic yarn during polymerization process,coating surfaces by spraying, or more commonly,by a pad-dry-cure technique (https://afirm-group.com/afirm-rsl/, https://mrsl.roadmaptozero.com/).