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Current Issues and Challenges of Applying Microalgae in Environmental Biotechnology
Published in Pau Loke Show, Wai Siong Chai, Tau Chuan Ling, Microalgae for Environmental Biotechnology, 2023
Xiao Gui Xing, Gao Ya Qian, Sook Sin Chan, Guo Rui Xin, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show
Triclosan is commonly used as an antibacterial agent. However, the residue produced from it has potential to harm human health and the environment. Some regions have proposed to prohibit the addition of triclosan to some daily chemicals or control the additional content. There are still no relevant regulations in some regions, so the toxicity test results can provide more systematic and comprehensive evidence for the toxicity of triclosan to the ecosystem and provide a reliable scientific basis for supervision and decision-making. Xin et al. (2019) concluded that triclosan has a long-term impact on the biochemical components such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids of five non-target freshwater green algae, which will help to evaluate the toxicity of triclosan systematically and comprehensively in natural water bodies and formulate appropriate risk management strategies.
Odour Control or Inhibition Using Antimicrobial Finishing
Published in G. Thilagavathi, R. Rathinamoorthy, Odour in Textiles, 2022
Rosie Broadhead, Laure Craeye, Chris Callewaert
Triclosan (2,4,4’-trichloro-2’hydroxydiphenyl ether) is an odourless, synthetic, chlorine-containing derivative of phenol whereof its antimicrobial activity is concentration and formulation dependent. Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial effective against gram-positive and negative organisms and is known to reduce MRSA (Bhargava and Leonard 1996; Morais, Guedes, and Lopes 2016; Shahidi and Wiener 2012). Triclosan has two modes of action: affecting the cell membrane's integrity by obstructing lipid biosynthesis and/or inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis within the cell. Due to its strong antimicrobial potency, triclosan is often used in the textile industry on polyester, nylon, polypropylene, cellulose acetate, or acrylic textiles (Bhargava and Leonard 1996; Morais, Guedes, and Lopes 2016). In recent years, however, it has been associated with harmful side effects on human skin; therefore, the use of triclosan in textiles is expected to decline (Ruszkiewicz et al. 2017).
Biotreatment efficiency, degradation mechanism and bacterial community structure in an immobilized cell bioreactor treating triclosan-rich wastewater
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Efstathia Navrozidou, Nikolaos Remmas, Paraschos Melidis, Georgios Sylaios, Spyridon Ntougias
A few bioreactor systems operating at high removal rates have been employed to remove triclosan from wastewaters. Better removal efficiencies of micropollutants like triclosan have been recorded for membrane bioreactors (MBR) compared to conventional activated sludge systems [21]. Najmi et al. [22] reported the high degradation capability (∼ 98%) of triclosan contained in personal care products, released by greywater, using a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR), showing that the high hydraulic retention time (HRT) influences removal efficiency. Castrillon et al. [23] treated triclosan in an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, a high rate anaerobic biosystem, denoting changes in microbial community without affecting system’s stability. Enzymatic reactors, consisting of immobilized peroxidase derived from white-rot fungi, have been also applied for the degradation of triclosan [24,25].
Evaluation of DNA and chromosomal damage in two human HaCaT and L02 cells treated with varying triclosan concentrations
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Donglei Sun, Tianhe Zhao, Xinyang Li, Zunzhen Zhang
At present the toxicologic studies indicate that triclosan does not appear to exert acute, chronic developmental toxicity, or neurotoxicity (Bhargava and Leonard 1996; Jones et al. 2000; Louis et al. 2017; Rodricks et al. 2010; Ruszkiewicz et al. 2017). However, there are emerging concerns on human health effects associated with triclosan exposure, such as endocrine disrupting and reproductive problems (Etzel et al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2019; Weatherly and Gosse 2017). More importantly, some controversy remains regarding potential genotoxic effects induced by triclosan. Rodricks et al. (2010) examined mutagenic effect of triclosan in three Salmonella reverse mutation assays (Ames test) with multiple Salmonella strains and found negative findings, indicating that triclosan did not induce gene mutations in prokaryotic system. However, Dann and Hontela (2011) questioned these negative results in Ames tests considering that the antibacterial properties of triclosan may limit the reverse mutation of Salmonella strains and lead to false-negative results. Thus, it is important to rule out that triclosan induced inhibition of Salmonella strains in order to ascertain whether or not this compound is mutagenic in Ames assay.
Synthesis and characterization of Ag0(NPs)/TiO2 nanocomposite: insight studies of triclosan removal from aqueous solutions
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Alka Tiwari, Alok Shukla, Diwakar Tiwari, Seung Mok Lee
The antimicrobial drug, triclosan, employed as a potential preservative or even as antiseptic agent [9–11]. It inhibits effectively the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase for fatty acid synthesis in bacteria, blocking lipid biosynthesis in E. coli and promoting a mutation in FabI gene [11–14]. The solubility of triclosan in water bodies was reported to be less than 10−6 g/mL which however, increases in alkaline medium [15]. The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of triclosan is reported to be 7.9–8.1 [16,18]. Triclosan is a stable lipophilic compound and accumulates readily in aquatic and terrestrial organisms [17,18]. A large-scale use of triclosan and the inefficient biological treatment in the existing wastewater treatment plants resulted in the presence of triclosan in all segments of the aquatic environment, namely natural streams/river water, estuarine water or even in drinking water. Eventually, it enters into the biological system and often found in urine, plasma and breast milk [19–21]. A report indicated that triclosan was present at the level of 40.14 to 2.3 mg/L in many streams located in the USA [22]. Triclosan causes genotoxicity and cytotoxicity towards the studied aquatic organisms and species including the algae and fish and may damage the DNA, haemocyte function and induces the oxidative stress [23]. The Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) growth are greatly affected due to the triclosan exposure [24]. Triclosan is a potential endocrine disrupting chemical that affects adversely on the thyroid hormone homeostasis [25]. The environmental fate and specific nature of triclosan are not studied in detail. However, the phenolic form of triclosan is photo-stable whereas, the phenolate form was found to be photo-degradable. The photolysis of triclosan resulted in the formation of 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (DCDD) in water samples [26].