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Household and Personal Care Products: Cleaning up and Looking Good
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Toothpastes contain several ingredients including abrasives, surfactants, humectants, thickeners, and specific varieties also include fluoride, tartar control agents, whiteners, antibacterials, flavors, and colors. The abrasives assist removal of adhering material, particularly a thin proteinaceous film called the pellicle. Surfactants disperse plaque and other material loosened by brushing. The humectants keep the paste fluid and contribute to taste. Tartar and calculus are hardened material built up from deposits of calcium salts. Inhibition of tartar build-up is one of the goals of toothpaste and tooth-brushing. The most common agents for this purpose are pyrophosphate salts. They seem to function by inhibiting the hardening of the initial amorphous deposits and this effect can be modeled in vitro. A combination of NaF and pyrophosphate can attain about 25% inhibition of tartar build up and a combination of pyrophosphate with (methyl vinyl ether)–maleic acid copolymer (PVM–MA) achieves a 50% reduction.11 Whitening agents are usually either hydrogen peroxide or the hydrogen peroxide precursor carbamide peroxide.12 They are applied in such a fashion as to minimize contact with the gum. Table 6.8 lists examples of the types of major ingredients.
Applications of Particulate Dispersions and Composites
Published in Rajinder Pal, Rheology of Particulate Dispersions and Composites, 2006
Toothpaste is a particulate dispersion [55–57]. The dispersed phase of a toothpaste consists of solid particles of some mildly abrasive agent (usually dicalcium phosphate) to help remove stains and polish teeth. The weight percentage of solids in the dispersion is about 10 to 50. The continuous phase is an aqueous solution consisting of water, humectant (moisture controller to prevent the toothpaste from becoming dry and firm) such as glycerol, a binder or thickener such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose to prevent the solid particles of the polishing agent from settling out, detergent or surfactant such as lauryl sulphate to provide foaming action and to enhance the cleaning ability of the toothpaste, therapeutic agents such as sodium monofluorophosphate to prevent tooth decay, and minor amounts of flavors, preservatives, and coloring agents.
Novel carbonized bone meal for defluoridation of groundwater: Batch and column study
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Somak Chatterjee, Sanjay Jha, Sirshendu De
Fluoride is an essential micronutrient, needed in minute quantity (0.5–1 mg L−1) for healthy growth of bones.[1] Toothpaste companies add sodium fluoride to existing composition for calcification of the tooth enamel.[2] Fluoride is present in rocks, in the form of fluorosilicates and fluoropartite. Aluminium and phosphate producing industries also use fluoride in manufacturing process. However, fluoride from different sources easily percolates through soil bed thereby increasing its concentration in groundwater. Excess fluoride causes a typical disease known as fluorosis (both skeletal and dental), characterized by permanent decay in tooth and bone structures.[3,4] Fluoride also acts as a neurotoxic agent and also causes to nerve injuries upon accumulation in the tissues.[5] Examples of fluoride affected countries are Brazil, Chile, Argentina, northeastern parts of Africa, Pakistan, China and India.[6] Hence, generation of fluoride free drinking water is one of the major challenges to researchers around the globe. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 mg L−1.[7]
Use of zinc oxide nanoparticles for detection of fluoride in toothpaste gel
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Wasupon Watjanavarreerat, Liviu Steier, Kitsakorn Locharoenrat
A spectrophotometric method for the determination of fluoride in a commercial toothpaste gel, based on the reaction of metals has been reported herein. Toothpaste samples with fluoride ions (0–1450 ppm) coexisting with either 1.100–2.140 mg/mL ZnO nanoparticles or 0.015–0.031 mg/mL FeCl2 and ZnO were treated with different solvents (deionized water, acetone, chloroform, and toluene). The optical comparison detection methods for the prepared metal–fluoride complexes were performed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The absorption peaks of zinc–fluoride and iron–fluoride were observed at 360–400 and 540–550 nm, respectively. In an acidic environment (pH 6.0), the effective adsorption of fluoride ions on the surface of ZnO, together with zinc ions, showed a difference in the peak intensity in the ultraviolet range, due to electrostatic binding. In contrast, the ionization reaction between iron and the fluoride ions resulted in a difference in the peak intensity in the visible range. Under the optimized conditions, the zinc–fluoride complex was more stable for the detection of fluoride ions because its absorption intensity remained constant during measurement. The detection and quantification limits obtained from the linear calibration curves of zinc–fluoride in deionized water were 0.191:1 and 0.579:1 (w/w ZnO), respectively. These ratios were used to confirm the fluoride concentration in the toothpaste. We believe that the proposed method, which uses a zinc–fluoride complex in deionized water, is important for fluoride treatment to prevent enamel demineralization without the need for operative cavity preparation and restoration.
Fluoride exchange by glass-ionomer dental cements and its clinical effects: a review
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2023
John W. Nicholson, Sharanbir K. Sidhu, Beata Czarnecka
Lastly, we note that fluoride can be taken up by glass-ionomer cements from several different sources. Several experimental studies have used solutions of either sodium or potassium fluoride, typically at concentrations of 1000 ppm in fluoride [46,47]. Other experiments have shown that fluoride can be delivered by toothpaste [48], mouthwashes [49,50] and topically applied fluoride gels [51]. The fact that fluoride is found in these formulations in association with various counterions suggests that the formulation of the fluoridating medium is relatively unimportant, and that the affinity of glass-ionomers for fluoride is enough to overcome any interaction of fluoride ions with other components of these mixtures.