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Water Pollutants and Water Pollution
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Major industrial uses of organotin compounds in the past have included applications of tin compounds in fungicides, acaricides, disinfectants, antifouling paints, stabilizers to lessen the effects of heat and light in PVC plastics, catalysts, and precursors for the formation of films of SnO2 on glass. Tributyl tin (TBT) chloride and related TBT compounds have bactericidal, fungicidal, and insecticidal properties and formerly were of particular environmental significance because of their use as industrial biocides. In addition to TBT chloride, other TBT compounds used as biocides include hydroxide, naphthenate, bis(tributyltin) oxide, and tris(tributylstannyl) phosphate. TBT was once widely used in boat and ship hull coatings to prevent the growth of fouling organisms. Other applications have included preservation of wood, leather, paper, and textiles. Antifungal TBT compounds have been used as slimicides in cooling tower water.
Water Pollutants and Water Pollution
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
Major industrial uses of organotin compounds in the past have included applications of tin compounds in fungicides, acaricides, disinfectants, antifouling paints, stabilizers to lessen the effects of heat and light in PVC plastics, catalysts, and precursors for the formation of films of SnO2 on glass. Tributyl tin (TBT) chloride and related TBT compounds have bactericidal, fungicidal, and insecticidal properties and formerly were of particular environmental significance because of their use as industrial biocides. In addition to TBT chloride, other TBT compounds used as biocides include hydroxide, naphthenate, bis(tributyltin) oxide, and tris(tributylstannyl) phosphate. TBT was once widely used in boat and ship hull coatings to prevent the growth of fouling organisms. Other applications have included preservation of wood, leather, paper, and textiles. Antifungal TBT compounds have been used as slimicides in cooling tower water.
Standards and Criteria for Pollution Control in Coral Reef Areas
Published in Des W. Connell, Darryl W. Hawker, Pollution in Tropical Aquatic Systems, 1992
Darryl W. Hawker, Des W. Connell
The main organotin compound used is tributyltin oxide (TBTO) and some long-term studies on fish and invertebrates have indicated that the tolerance level is below 1 ppb.73 The 96-h LC50 for the copepod Acartia tonsa with TBTO was found to be 1.0 μg l−1 (ppb), while oysters showed sublethal effects at concentrations of 0.15 μg l−1.41,74 Often, the larval stage of many marine species are extremely sensitive to TBTO. Larvae of the common mussel Mytilus edulis showed a 15-d LC50 value of 0.1 μg l−1, indicating that long-term tolerance levels are much less than this concentration.75 Assuming that organotin compounds are relatively resistant to degradation, use of an application factor of 0.01 affords a tolerance level of 1 × 0.01 or 0.01 μg l−1 (ppb), based on available evidence.
Occurrence, effects and environmental risk of antifouling biocides (EU PT21): Are marine ecosystems threatened?
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Bruno Galvão de Campos, Joana Figueiredo, Fernando Perina, Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa, Susana Loureiro, Roberto Martins
Research advances have been recently given to find environmentally friendly but simultaneously efficient antifoulants alternatives to current state-of-the-art antifouling biocides. Marine organisms are a vast and natural source of compounds with promising biocidal activity against fouling organisms (Omae, 2006) widely explored in a context of blue growth. Several molecules (e.g. terpenes, phenols, steroids, nitrogen compounds, peptoids) were identified in sessile organisms. Such substances have been artificially reproduced, synthesized and tested in terms of antifouling activity (Yebra et al., 2004). According to Wang et al. (2020), indole derivatives, a class of nitrogen-containing compound isolated from bryozoan and ascidians, have a potent antifouling performance. These substances reduced up to 90% the colonization density of barnacles in marine field tests, inhibited bacterial growth (inhibition ratio > 90% for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) (Feng et al., 2019) and inhibited the growth of the diatoms Nitzschia losterium f. and Navicula climacospheniae (Yang et al., 2015). Additionally, Feng et al. (2019) demonstrated that these derivatives are more efficient in terms of antibacterial activity and algal inhibition comparing with state-of-the-art antifouling biocide chlorothalonil while Yang et al. (2015) demonstrated that the antifouling activity of the indole derivative 2, 5, 6-tribromo-1-methyl-gramine (TBG) was up to six times higher than tributyltin oxide or CuSO4. Lysozymes have also been proposed as eco-friendly alternatives able to hydrolyze the bacterial cell wall, thus, interrupting the first phase of the fouling process, the biofilm formation, on coated surfaces (Caro et al., 2010). These are only two major types of natural molecules that have been explored as potential substitutes of current antifoulants.