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Indoor Air Quality
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
Biocides are used to control the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. They are used as disinfectants in cleaning agents, on AHU filters and carpeting, and in paints and duct cleaning. Commonly used biocides include hypochlorites, alcohols, o-phenylphenol, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Of these, o-phenylphenol has been one of the most common pesticide compounds observed in indoor air and dust samples. Mercury (Hg) is also commonly found, as it was widely used as a biocide in latex-based paint until its use was discontinued in a voluntary agreement between manufacturers and the U.S. EPA in 1990.
Corrosion
Published in Mavis Sika Okyere, Mitigation of Gas Pipeline Integrity Problems, 2020
The most commonly used oxidizing biocides are chlorine, bromine, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide. Nonetheless, the use of oxidizing biocides is accompanied by these negative effects: Interaction with other chemicals (corrosion inhibitors)The possibility of interaction with non-metallic substancesInitiation of corrosion of structural materials
Restoration and Conservation Strategies of Historical Monuments
Published in M.H. Fulekar, Bhawana Pathak, Bioremediation Technology, 2020
Chandrahas N. Khobragade, Madhushree M. Routh, Suchita C. Warangkar
A biocide is any chemical that is able to kill or inhibit the growth of living organisms. These chemicals should not be potentially harmful to wildlife and humans, however. The biocide should always be compatible with the surface on which it is applied. It should not alter the nature, composition and appearance of stone (Denyer, 1990). Some of these chemical biocides are reported to create damage in the stone, so biocides should be carefully chosen keeping in mind that it should not alter the stone quality in any way. Periodic qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of biocides on substrata should be carried out. Biocide biodeteriogens are products that are commercially available both as active principle or formulates and cover a wide range of chemical classes, from very simple inorganic compounds, such as Na and Ca hypochlorite, to very complex organic ones, such as the quaternary ammonium compounds (Preventol R50, Neo-Desogen). They can possess a strictly specific mode of action, such as the urea derivatives (diuron, Karmex), that block the photosynthetic process, or a broad toxic spectrum, like the organotin compounds (TBTO) (Caneva et al., 1991; May et al., 1993). Biocides intended for use on historical monuments and rock sites must be not only effective against biological growths, but they should also not cause any damage to the stone material either by direct action or by leaving deposits on it which may result in successive damage (Gehrmann et al., 1989) (Table 13.2).
Benzalkonium chloride: A systematic review of its environmental entry through wastewater treatment, potential impact, and mitigation strategies
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Olivia Williams Barber, Erica M. Hartmann
Recently, certain biocidal chemicals including triclosan and triclocarban were banned from consumer antiseptic washes by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) due to limited evidence of benefit to consumers as well as concerns about detrimental effects on human and environmental health including antimicrobial resistance (U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 2016). Since the 2016 ban was implemented, antiseptic washes continue to be marketed, but with BAC as a main replacement for banned biocidal chemicals (Sreevidya et al., 2018). Although BAC was included in the FDA’s review, requests were made to delay a final decision to allow safety and efficacy concerns to be addressed. A similar deferral for BAC was also granted in a ban by the FDA of antimicrobials from consumer antiseptic rubs such as hand sanitizer (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019). Both the FDA and EPA regulate biocides like BAC. The FDA specifically examines the safety and efficacy of these chemicals in personal care products, while the EPA has a broader focus on environmental impacts (Merchel Piovesan Pereira & Tagkopoulos, 2019). Thus, the FDA ban does not impact the use of these chemicals in other consumer goods, like cosmetics, cleaning products, or building materials, which also impact human and environmental health. Public health crises, such as the emergence of COVID-19, serve to increase the rate of human exposure and demand for disinfectants (Seyedeh Maryam et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020).
Myco-nanocolloids manipulate growth, biofilm formation and virulence genes in UTI causing E. coli
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Ranjani S., Rumelee Das, Shariq Ahmed M, Senthilkumar Nachimuthu, Ruckmani K., Hemalatha S.
Nanoparticles and nanocolloids are being placed as the next generation materials for applications in various fields of science and technology. When compared to the macro scaled counterpart, the nano sized metallic particles were observed to have unique physical, chemical, and biological properties because of their high surface to-volume ratio. The nanoparticles are used as a catalyst, optical sensors, drug delivery, cancer therapy, and they are found to have potent antimicrobial activities.[1] Silver has been known for ages for its various biological properties. Silver has been used for killing various disease-causing microorganisms because it acts as a safe and non toxic antibacterial agent. Silver is widely used as a biocide in solution, suspension and in nano-particulate form to serve as antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agent.[2] Hence there has been an upsurge in the development of products using nano sized silver particles. Among metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles possess efficient antimicrobial activity because of its smaller sized nuclei.[3] Apart from the size and shape, the activity and efficiency of the nanocolloids also depend upon their physio-chemical environment.[4]
Purification of malachite green as a model biocidal agent from aqueous system by using a natural widespread coastal biowaste (Zostera marina)
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
Fatih Deniz, Elif Tezel Ersanli
Biocides are defined as natural or synthetic active substances used to kill or inhibit unwanted harmful living organisms and are widely used at different dosages in various fields like cosmetic, pharmaceutical, paint, plastic, food, agriculture and aquaculture industries. After use, large quantities of biocides are released into natural receiving environment, especially aquatic environment. Many biocides cannot be effectively purified by conventional treatment technologies, and they also directly or indirectly cause adverse effects like toxic and carcinogenic on many non-target living species and human beings, in addition to target species (Liu et al.2017; Juksu et al.2019). Therefore, the removal of biocides from receiving aquatic environment are crucial to protect natural ecological balance and human health.