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Water Pollutants and Water Pollution
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Major industrial uses of organotin compounds in the past have included applications of tin compounds in fungicides, acaricides, disinfectants, antifouling paints, stabilizers to lessen the effects of heat and light in PVC plastics, catalysts, and precursors for the formation of films of SnO2 on glass. Tributyl tin (TBT) chloride and related TBT compounds have bactericidal, fungicidal, and insecticidal properties and formerly were of particular environmental significance because of their use as industrial biocides. In addition to TBT chloride, other TBT compounds used as biocides include hydroxide, naphthenate, bis(tributyltin) oxide, and tris(tributylstannyl) phosphate. TBT was once widely used in boat and ship hull coatings to prevent the growth of fouling organisms. Other applications have included preservation of wood, leather, paper, and textiles. Antifungal TBT compounds have been used as slimicides in cooling tower water.
Role of Occupational Neurotoxicants in Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Published in Lucio G. Costa, Luigi Manzo, Occupatinal Neurotoxicology, 2020
Stefano M. Candura, Luigi Manzo, Lucio G. Costa
Presently, organotin compounds are mainly used as pesticides, antioxidants, catalysts, lubrificants, and polymer stabilizers. After the Stalinon catastrophy, other cases of accidental acute organotin poisoning occurred in the occupational setting. Signs and symptoms similar to those induced by TET (headache, vertigo, asthenia, photophobia, nausea and vomiting), though less severe, appeared in two farmers a few days after the exposure to a fungicide formulation containing triphenyltin (TPT).40 Rey and colleagues41 reported six workers who were exposed to dimethyltin (DMT) and trimethyltin (TMT) while cleaning a caldron. Once again, clinical manifestations appeared after a latency period (one-three days). They included headache, tinnitus, deafness, impaired memory, disorientation, aggressiveness, psychotic behavior, syncope, loss of consciousness and, in some cases, respiratory depression requiring ventilatory assistance. One patient died. Postmortem examination revealed cerebral edema with irreversible cell damage in the area of the amygdala. Two patients suffered permanent sequelae. The other three victims recovered, but complained of memory loss for about six months.41
Organometallic and Inorganic–Organic Polymers
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
The emphasis on organotin-containing polymers is due to several factors. The first factor is the early discovery of their biological activity and a more recent discovery that these organotin compounds generally degrade to nontoxic inorganic compounds, so that they are “environmentally friendly.” The second factor is the commercial availability of a wide variety of organotin compounds that are suitable as monomers. Third, owing to the biological activity of organotin compounds, they are found to inhibit the growth of desirable species, in particular in aquatic surroundings. This brought about federal laws that prohibited the use of leachable, monomeric organotin compounds in a variety of coatings and protective applications. The result was a move toward polymeric materials that did not suffer the same leachability and that were allowed by law.
Assessing the effect of a thickness gradient on the shear stress profile at the epoxy/silicone interface of thin coatings subjected to transverse shear loads with finite element analyses
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2023
Melissa M. Gibbons, Stephen McNeela, James G. Kohl
Biofouling is the accumulation of living organisms on the surface of any structure submerged in seawater. The process begins almost immediately with the adsorption of organic particles that create a conditioning film that attracts primary colonizers, and if left unchecked results in colonization by macroscopic fouling like mussels and barnacles.[1] There are several negative outcomes when biofouling occurs on marine vessels. The irregular surface created by macroscopic biofouling increases drag, which results in increased fuel costs.[2] Biofouling has also been linked to the spread of invasive species to non-native environments.[3] Some of the first anti-fouling solutions were toxic paints that included copper or the organotin tributyltin. While these paints were easy to use and effective at controlling biofouling, the compounds slowly leached into the water, resulting in unintended negative environmental effects.[4,5] A stepwise prohibition of paints using biocidal organotin compounds was adopted by the International Maritime Organization in 2008.[6]
Neurotoxicity and physiological stress in brain of zebrafish chronically exposed to tributyltin
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Tributyltin (TBT) is an industrial and agricultural biocide which is banned in many countries due to its toxicity to aquatic organisms (Lima et al. 2015); however, considerable TBT contamination is still detected in environmental samples. Toxicity and persistence in the environment indicates that TBT remains an important environmental risk for aquatic species and humans (Heinrich and Krause 2017; Merlo et al. 2018; Xiao et al. 2018). Based upon current reports, TBT concentrations varied from 43.9 to 63.5 ng Sn/L (equivalent to 0.37 − 0.53 nM TBT) in some Asian rivers (Li et al. 2019b). Many environmental pollutants, including organotin compounds, are neurotoxicants and produce neurological manifestations in vertebrates, including rats, hens, and fishes (Chen et al. 2011; Li, Li, and Shi 2015; Ulla, Vijayasarathi, and Gowda 2001; Ximenes et al. 2017; Yu et al. 2013). Historical widespread use and release, environmental persistence, and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) indicated a significant threat to neurological health (Mitra, Siddiqui, and Khandelwal 2015). TBT concentrations are generally low in water, yet the chemical bio-concentrated nearly 50,000-fold in some fish and mollusks (Takahashi et al. 1999). Currently TBT investigations focused on endocrine interference and reproductive toxicity (Horie et al. 2017; Komoike and Matsuoka 2013; Lima et al. 2015; Merlo et al. 2018; Xiao et al. 2018), but only a few addressed neurotoxicity especially in the CNS of freshwater aquatic vertebrates.
Current status of coastal sediments contamination in the former industrial area of Bagnoli-Coroglio (Naples, Italy)
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2020
Giovanna Armiento, Raffaela Caprioli, Antonietta Cerbone, Salvatore Chiavarini, Cinzia Crovato, Maurizio De Cassan, Luigi De Rosa, Maria Rita Montereali, Elisa Nardi, Luigi Nardi, Massimo Pezza, Marco Proposito, Juri Rimauro, Agostino Salerno, Antonio Salluzzo, Fabio Spaziani, Fabio Zaza
Organotin compounds are regulated in Italy by the ministerial decree D.M. 260/2010, which defines a TBT threshold limit of 5 μg/kg (dry weight) for the sediments of marine and transitional environments. The measured concentrations are often very low or below the detection limit (Table S2). Only two surface samples (42 and 95, with concentrations of 35.8 and 35.5 μg/kg, respectively) and one deep sample (27, the layer 50–100 cm of a core, with a concentration of 65.6 μg/kg) exceed the threshold limit. This evidence demonstrates the strong persistence of these substances, once employed in antifouling paints for boat hulls. In fact, even if restricted since 2003 in Europe [32], their occurrence is still detected, as it was measured for our samples, where their presence suggests an origin from activities not directly correlated to the industrial site. Regarding the two surface samples, one is located inside the small port behind Nisida island, and the other one near the piers (i.e. the areas mainly interested by the most intense boat traffic also before the application of the restrictions on organotin compounds). Also, the deep sample is located along the piers.