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Environmental Protection and Sustainability at the National Level
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Fundamentals of Environmental Law and Compliance, 2023
Wood preservative chemicals including pentachlorophenol (PCP), chromate arsenicals, and creosote were largely historically used in industrial settings. Resent wood preservatives for residential use include, alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ), borates, copper azole, copper naphthenate, copper-HDO, and polymeric betaine (USEPA 2021i).
Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants
Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
Wood preservative industries contaminate soils and groundwaters with creosote, an oily liquid distilled from coal-tar. Creosote is used for wood preservation and the pollution originates from leaking holding tanks. The main contaminant from wood preservation is pentachlorophenol which can be degraded with a fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The same fungus is used successfully in degradation of other toxic compounds such as dioxin, poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Biological Properties of Chemically Modified Wood
Published in David N.-S. Hon, Chemical Modification of Lignocellulosic Materials, 2017
Although both toxic and nontoxic chemical treatments have been extensively studied for protecting wood, the former is still the dominant method for preserving wood. Toxic preservatives in wide commercial use have been subjected to public criticism, so that there is a strong demand for the development of low-toxicity alternatives or safer nontoxic treatments. Nontoxic treatments such as chemical modification will be more and more important for wood preservation because they yield no risk of hazard to health or the environment in the use of endproducts.
Physical chemical properties and cell toxicity of sanding copper-treated lumber
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2018
Jennifer D. Sisler, Chaolong Qi, Walter McKinney, Justine Shaffer, Michael Andrew, Taekhee Lee, Treye Thomas, Vincent Castranova, Robert R. Mercer, Yong Qian
The use of copper in wood treatments has been popular since the 1700s when the first wood preservative was invented. The use of copper in the cupric or copper (II) oxidation state as a wood preservative is inexpensive and effective for protecting wood against a majority of wood-destroying fungi and insects. However, there are copper-tolerate fungi that copper does not protect against; therefore, any copper-based treatment also has an organic co-biocide.[1] There are two major water soluble copper-based wood treatments: alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) and copper azole (CA).[2]
Toxicity of 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol to willow trees (Salix viminalis)
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2018
Lauge Peter Westergaard Clausen, Christian Kjær Jensen, Stefan Trapp
Chlorinated phenols have been widely used as pesticides, disinfectants, and wood preservation agents in the sawmill industry in both Europe and the United States of America (Kitunen et al.1987; Rappe et al.1978). The main components of the wood preservation agents were tri-, tetra-, and pentachlorophenol (Kitunen et al.1987; Kitunen et al.1984). The high polychlorinated phenols are classified as very toxic for aquatic organisms and some of them are suspected carcinogens, thus constituting a potential risk to human and environmental health (ECHA 2017). Recent studies indicate that some of the higher chlorinated phenols may generate multiresistant organisms in the environment (Muller et al. 2015). Due to their wide industrial applications, the toxicity of chlorinated phenols has been intensively investigated (Aruoja et al.2011; Hulzebos et al.1993; Sharma et al.1997; Shigeoka et al.1988). However, to the knowledge of the authors, the only existing phytotoxicity studies available for tetrachlorophenol (TeCP) on terrestrial plants, are with 2,3,4,5-TeCP on soybean (Glycine max L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (Pfleeger et al.1991) and a study of 2,3,4,6-TeCP on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and Sudan grass (Sorghum sudane) (Sund and Nomura 1963), neither of them consider the effects of pH. The chlorinated phenols are weak acids, i.e., non-ionic at low pH. It is well established that the uptake of ionized compounds is lower than for their corresponding non-ionic fraction, resulting in higher toxicity of non-ionized electrolytes (Clausen and Trapp 2017; Rendal et al.2011; Sijm et al.2007; Trapp 2004; Saarikoski and Viluksela 1982). The pKa of TeCP varies between 5 and 7 depending on the isomer (Schultz 1987; Schwarzenbach and Westall 1985; Lepri et al.1980), meaning that both the ionized and the neutral fractions occur under natural environmental conditions (pH 4–10) (Franco et al.2010). This study aims to assess the phytotoxicity of 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,5,6-TeCP) to terrestrial plants at neutral (pH 7) and acidic (pH 4) conditions.