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Field Investigation Techniques for Potentially Contaminated Sites
Published in Kofi Asante-Duah, Management of Contaminated Site Problems, 2019
Traditionally, immunoassay test kits have primarily measured lighter aromatic petroleum fractions because straight-chain hydrocarbons did not lend themselves to eliciting immune system responses. Thus, the test kits for petroleum hydrocarbons did not perform as well in analyzing for heavy petroleum products with few aromatic components, such as motor oil or grease, or for highly degraded petroleum fuels, since the lighter aromatic constituents have been driven off—albeit some new test systems on the market seem to overcome these apparent limitations. Also, immunoassay test kits are available for numerous pesticides and herbicides, such as alachlor, aldicarb, triazine herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), organophosphates, carbofuran, chlordane, cyclodienes, carbamates, dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane(DDT), endosulfan, lindane, parathion, toxaphene, and many more. Some test kits for pesticides respond to only one compound, while others respond to an entire class of compounds. Additionally, immunoassay test kits are available that can detect PCBs in soil, water, and wipe samples; quantitative test kits have been developed for specific Aroclors, while several semiquantitative kits will measure the overall concentration of a mixture of Aroclors. Other kits can detect pentachlorophenol (PCP), a contaminant of soil and water commonly found at wood treating sites; immunoassay test kits that analyze for PCP will also respond in various degrees to other chlorophenols. In general, immunoassays can be designed to test single or many samples simultaneously. Results from the test can be measured with an analytical instrument, a portable field instrument, or interpreted visually.
Indoor Air Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Pesticides: Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is extensively used in the treatment of wood products to control fungus growth and rotting. Ulsamer et al.51 reported PCP levels in the air of log homes, ranging from less than 4 μg/m3 to 1000 μg/m3. Levels of PCP in conventional homes have not been measured in a large series, though isolated measurements of PCPs have been performed. We have seen some real disasters from the PCP-treated homes. Some whole families developed severe chemical sensitivity. Our experience with victims of PCP exposure leads us to advocate banning PCP from all building materials.
Organic Chemicals
Published in Eliot Epstein, LAND APPLICATION of SEWAGE SLUDGE and BIOSOLIDS, 2002
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), the compound used as a wood preservative, has contaminated water, air, food and sediment over the years (Bevenue and Beckman, 1967; Buhler et al., 1973). Bellin and O’Connor (1990) evaluated the uptake of PCP by tall fescue, lettuce, carrot and chili pepper from biosolids-amended soil. They found minimal plant uptake of intact PCP in fescue and lettuce and none in carrot or chile plants. Plant dry wt/initial soil concentration (BCF values) for the lettuce and fescue were <0.01. They found that degradation in the soil was rapid and that minimal contamination could occur in the field.
Remediation of organic contaminated soil by Fe-based nanoparticles and surfactants: a review
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2023
Kien A. Vu, Catherine N. Mulligan
Organic contaminants may be derived from different sources. Some significant sources are industrial, agricultural, municipal, and medical wastes. Notably, a few potential origins are leaks and spills from industrial activities, oil discharges or chemical storage tanks, inappropriate use of pesticides in agriculture, inappropriate disposal of cleaners, oil, household wastes in the municipality, and leakage from landfills and garbage dumps. For example, petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) may leach from underground storage or during transportation, or pentachlorophenol (PCP) is used in many wood preservative sites. Otherwise, PAHs are employed in coal storage sites, o-dichlorobenzene and p-dichlorobenzene are discharged from industrial chemical factories, ethylbenzene and toluene are discharged from petroleum refineries and factories [4].
Co-planting of Salix interior and Trifolium pratense for phytoremediation of trace elements from wood preservative contaminated soil
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
Anne Lachapelle, Sara Yavari, Frédéric E. Pitre, François Courchesne, Jacques Brisson
Wood preservatives such as pentachlorophenol (PCP) or chromated copper arsenate (CCA) are used to limit the deterioration of wood products such as wood utility poles (Coudert et al. 2013). The discharge of PCP and CCA in the environment may result in mixed contaminated soil. PCP is a persistent toxic organic compound whose application has been banned or restricted in many countries since the 1980s. However, it is still of great concern due to its previous widespread use all around the world (Zheng et al. 2011). CCA is an inorganic compound that also raises health concerns since both chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) are known carcinogens (Hasan et al. 2010). Although copper (Cu) is an essential element for living organisms, it induces oxidative stress in cells at high concentrations (Rehman et al. 2019). Cu concentrations between 3 and 20 mg kg−1 are in the optimum range and above 30 mg kg−1 are toxic for the majority of plants (Mleczek et al. 2013). The use of wood preservatives has led to widespread soil contamination through leaching or by accidental spills on wood products storage sites (Coles et al. 2014; Guemiza et al. 2017).