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Building Materials
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
Wood has been used as a building material for thousands of years. Pieces of wood that is smaller than 127 mm (5″) wide by 127 mm thick (regardless of length) are generally referred to as lumber. These pieces are machine-planed and sawn to fit certain dimensional specifications (e.g., 50.8 mm × 101.6 mm (2″ × 4″), 50.8 mm × 203.2 mm (2″ × 8″, etc.)) and are primarily used in residential construction. Pieces of wood over 127 mm (5″) wide by 127 mm thick (regardless of length) are referred to as timber, and any timber pieces that exceed 203.2 mm (8″) wide by 203.2 mm (8″) thick are referred to as beams. Another type of wood commonly used in construction is known as engineered wood. As its name implies, engineered wood is the product of a more intricate fabrication process in which various wood strands, fibers, veneers, or other forms of wood are glued.
Health monitoring of stress-laminated timber bridges
Published in Hiroshi Yokota, Dan M. Frangopol, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations, 2021
P. Hradil, S. Fortino, K. Koski, L. Fülöp
Timber and engineered wood have increased their popularity as structural materials in recent years mainly due to their outstanding environmental performance, competitive price and mechanical properties, and relatively easy handling. However, the use of wood in unsheltered bridge structures is rather limited by its exposure to the harsh climate conditions. Designers and structural engineers are mostly worried about the service life of load-carrying structure which is recommended to be one hundred years in Europe (CEN, 2002).
Woods
Published in M. Rashad Islam, Civil Engineering Materials, 2020
This chapter discusses the species, production, seasoning, defects, grading, physical properties, mechanical properties, etc. of wood sections. Different types of engineered wood products, such as sawn lumber, glulam, prefabricated I-joist, veneer, plywood, etc., are also discussed. The standard laboratory characterization methods, such as tension, bending, shear, etc., are included. Finally, the design philosophy of wood structures for bending, shear, and tension is introduced.
Densified wood dowel reinforcement of timber perpendicular to the grain: a pilot study
Published in Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance, 2021
Michael Conway, Sameer Mehra, Annette M. Harte, Conan O’Ceallaigh
With the increased focus in recent years on global warming and the impact of human activities on the environment, the construction industry is striving to reduce its carbon footprint. This has led to a considerable body of research into the development of timber structures as a sustainable alternative to steel and concrete. There has been a significant amount of innovation in different technologies and materials to develop highly engineered wood products for the construction industry which has resulted in the increased use of timber in medium- to high-rise construction. Advances in engineered wood products and connection systems have allowed timber to rival more commonly used construction materials and to meet the structural demands of modern construction. While timber has good strength parallel to the grain it demonstrates poorer strength perpendicular to the grain. As a result, stress perpendicular to the grain is an important factor in the design of engineered wood products used in timber structures and these stresses need to be taken into careful consideration in the design process, especially in areas of support (Hassan et al., 2014).
Production planning and project scheduling for engineer-to-order systems- case study for engineered wood production
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
Marzieh Ghiyasinasab, Nadia Lehoux, Sylvain Ménard, Caroline Cloutier
This research considers the production planning of prefabricated engineered wood products for construction projects in an ETO context. Engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding small pieces of wood together using adhesives or other methods of fixation. They are used in various types of structures including residential and commercial ones (Opacic, Sowlati, and Mobini 2018). The company for the case study is a small firm that works with main construction contractors as a subcontractor for the production of the engineered wood portion of the building projects. As in many small and medium enterprises (SMEs), systematic production planning optimisation and scheduling do not exist, and the daily production plan is determined by experienced supervisors. Lack of tactical planning resulted in periods where some stations are idle and other periods where overtime and outsourcing are required to meet the due date. Additionally, the production phase is not smooth and the main bottleneck is the press machine. Its process time is long and a time-consuming set-up is needed.
Structural health monitoring of timber buildings: a literature survey
Published in Building Research & Information, 2020
Mariapaola Riggio, Morvarid Dilmaghani
SHM projects of multistorey buildings were analysed considering the different structural systems used. Gravity load-resisting systems (GLRS) were classified as: (a) light frame, (b) traditional heavy timber frame, (c) engineered timber frame (including both post-and-beam and rigid frame construction) and (d) panel system. For similar classifications, see Kolb (2008) and Green and Taggart (2017). The most common vertical lateral force-resisting systems (LFRS) were grouped as (a) shear walls, (b) cores, (c) bracing and (d) moment frames (Ugalde, Almazán, Santa María, & Guindos, 2019). Data frommultistorey buildings were analysed to evaluate which of the following building systems were monitored: (a) structural system and (b) the building envelope. Engineered wood products (EWPs) are a variety of wood-based structural framing and panel products in which characteristics and performance are specified by standards. This category includes products such as glued laminated timber, cross-laminated timber, laminated veneer lumber, etc. Engineered wood products are used in engineered timber frame and panel systems. Dimension lumber, or timber cut to predefined, standard sizes, is the typical material of light-frame construction and may be used in combination with some EWPs, such as plywood or oriented-strand board panels. (Wacker, 2010). Traditional timber frames are typically made with structural members of wood with different sizes and quality (e.g. sawn wood), not complying with any standard or industry specification.