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An introduction to policy and policy development
Published in Mark Zacharias, Jeff Ardron, Marine Policy, 2019
Tributyltin (TBT) had been a popular anti-fouling compound used in marine paints since the 1960s (Gipperth, 2009). TBT compounds are hazardous to marine life and may enter the human food chain. The domestic and international response to regulating organotin compounds (including TBT) is twofold: First, many states have established ambient standards for maximum concentrations in marine waters and sediments. Second, states began to ban or regulate organotin compounds in the 1980s. These domestic efforts were followed by the 2001 IMO anti-fouling Convention that entered into force in 2008 (see Chapter 9). Parties to the Convention are required to prohibit and/or restrict the use of harmful anti-fouling systems on ships flying their flag. So too are ships that operate under their authority and all ships that enter a port, shipyard or offshore terminal of a Party.
Steelwork and Material Management of the Shipyard
Published in D.J. House, Dry Docking and Shipboard Maintenance, 2015
Paint manufacturers have made major advances with a variety of coatings and composition materials aimed specifically at the shipping industries. The hull coatings alone are of concern, with current legislation denying the use of polluting substances like Tributyltin (TBTs). Owners of current vessels were required to seal, or remove completely, harmful coatings by 2008 – an expensive exercise for owners of existing ships, whereas new construction can directly apply acceptable, non-polluting materials from the onset.
Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of extracts from sponge-associated bacterial endophytes
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Idris Abdulrahman, Mamdoh Taha Jamal, Arulazhagan Pugazhendi, Jeyakumar Dhavamani, Majed Al-shaeri, Saleh Al-Maaqar, Sathianeson Satheesh
Marine biofouling occurs on submerged surfaces due to the accumulation of living organisms including bacteria. Biofilm formation by microorganisms is considered as the initial step in biofouling growth on marine structures. Biofouling affects marine industries especially shipping (impacting the fuel efficiency), naval and aquaculture activities all over the globe with severe economic as well as environmental consequences which necessitates the need for control[1]. To minimize or prevent biofouling, several control measures are applied on the surfaces of submerged structures to manage the attachment of the organisms to the surfaces[2]. These control measures are mostly paint coatings containing biocides that can kill the different target organisms. However, these coatings have negative effect on marine life because of its inability to differentiate target from nontarget organisms and serve as a source of toxic chemicals in the sea causing pollution[3]. This led to the ban of the popular antifouling (AF) biocidal paint coating containing Tributyltin (TBT) by the International Maritime Organization (IMO)[4]. Due to the growing environmental concerns on toxic biocides in AF coatings, new eco-friendly and cost-effective AF compounds are required to protect surfaces from colonization by biofouling organisms[5].
Half-sandwich iridium(III) and rhodium(III) complexes: synthesis, characterization and antifouling properties
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2023
Keisham S. Singh, Prabha Devi, Ramila R. Gaonkar, Werner Kaminsky
Initially, organotin compounds, TBT (tributyltin), the well-known antifouling agents have been widely used in antifouling paints [21]. Use of TBT to control fouling on submerged surfaces is now completely banned in the marine environment for concerns involving toxicity and long-standing harmful effects on marine organisms [22,23]. Hence, focus was on the development of new antifouling agents and/or modification of the already existing ones to be safer and eco-friendly in the marine environment. We have previously studied the synthesis and antifouling properties of (η6-arene) ruthenium(II) complexes containing 2-acetamidothiazole ligands [24]. In continuation of our study on antifouling compounds, herein, we describe the synthesis, characterization and antifouling properties of iridium(III) and rhodium(III) compounds, [MCl2(L){(η5-C5Me5)}] (M = Ir or Rh, L = 2-acetamidothiazole or 5-chloro-2-acetamidothiazole). The aim of this study is to synthesize and characterize iridium(III) and rhodium(III) organometallic complexes and evaluate their antifouling property since earlier studies report for the analogous (p-cymene)Ru(II) complexes of 2-acetamidothiazole exhibited excellent activity against several fouling bacteria [24]. Compounds were manifested as active, if there is an absence of bacterial growth (bacteriostatic) around the compound loaded-disc (measured as zone of growth inhibition in millimeter). The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic data and the molecular structures of the two representative compounds (5 and 6) have been established by single crystal X-ray diffraction.