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Measurement Method for Orthopaedics
Published in P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino, Non-Invasive Monitoring of Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2022
P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino
The therapy suggested for several of these pathologies often includes topical administration of a NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). These medicines are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and bring down to a normal temperature. According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (JAAOS), [174], NSAIDs are ranked as the most efficient nonsurgical osteoarthritis knee treatment, low-cost and nearly safe, for enhancing functionality and providing pain relief. They are a broad group of drugs from a number of different classes. They are effective analgesics, commonly available as tablets, capsules, suppositories, creams, gels and injection, although their chemical structures are different. For the treatment of acute pain and local muscle inflammation, they are commonly administered by transdermal drug delivery. Topically they are applied to intact skin in painful area in the form of a gel, cream, spray or patch. They penetrate the skin, pervade tissues or joints in depth, and reduce the inflammation process [175, 176].
Microemulsions: Principles, Scope, Methods, and Applications in Transdermal Drug Delivery
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Nanotechnology and Nanomaterial Applications in Food, Health, and Biomedical Sciences, 2019
Irina Pereira, Sara Antunes, Ana C. Santos, Francisco J. Veiga, Amélia M. Silva, Prapaporn Boonme, Eliana B. Souto
Topical or dermatological drugs consist of a set of products that are applied to the skin or to the mucous membranes and potentiate or retrieve the basic function of the skin, or pharmacologically alter the action of certain tissue. Drugs applied topically can target the superficial damaged by disease skin and be absorbed through topical/cutaneous route. Alternatively, drug absorption can occur through the transdermal route. In this case, the drug diffuses through the SC and inner skin layers which allow a prolonged drug release, maintaining drug plasma concentrations constant over time, and decreasing drug dosing frequency.68 The rate of drug absorption depends on drug molecular size and lipophilicity. This is intrinsically related to the evidenced tendency of skin to exclude drug molecules higher than 500 Da, particularly hydrophilic molecules.19
Nanoemulsions in Non-Invasive Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Ratna Jyoti Das, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Anup Kumar Das, Bhaskar Mazumder
Hamouda et al. (2008), using nanoemulsion technology, developed an antifungal nanoemulsion (NB-002) with potent activity against both fungal spores and hyphae. Using previously published principles of nanoemulsion formulation, they formulated NB-002 with constituents regarded as either “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) or with a history of safe use in humans. Stability was categorized by physical appearance, droplet size, pH, and potency. Stable emulsions were analyzed in an in vitro fungicidal assay for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) against laboratory provided, clinical dermatophyte isolates consisting of onychomycosis, as well as several Candida species. An in vivo safety study was performed in appropriate animal models. Their conclusion is that NB-002 is a novel nanoemulsion with potent activity against the organisms that cause onychomycosis and other dermatomycoses. It seems to be safe for the application of topical use at doses 1,000-fold higher than the minimum fungicidal concentration. A Phase I study representing the tolerance, safety, and pharmacokinetics of NB-002 has been completed, and a Phase II study is on the way using over 400 subjects with distal subungual onychomycosis.
An insight on topically applied formulations for management of various skin disorders
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Amit K. Jain, Sakshi Jain, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Parul Mehta, Prashant Kesharwani
Since ancient human civilization, when various other routes of drug delivery were not fully understood topical route was relatively better known and preferred choice for the administration of various medicaments to skin. Topical drug delivery is transport of any medicament applied over skin to local target site or beneath epidermis through dermal circulation, they are used to manage diverse skin diseases in diverse ways. Topical formulation can be applied superficially in skin (cutaneous application) or can be applied internally through various mucous membranes like nasal, oropharyngeal, anorectal, vaginal mucosa to give local target therapeutics.
Recapitulate genistein for topical applications including nanotechnology delivery
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Afroz Jahan, Juber Akhtar, Neha Jaiswal, Asad Ali, Usama Ahmad
This review mainly focuses on the topical use of genistein and other isoflavones on various skin diseases. It might be helpful for researchers to develop more effective genistein nanotechnology based formulations further with improved solubility and bioavailability. Genistein might be used to target various melanoma cells. As skin changes appeared because of age, even in postmenopausal women. It may be helpful to cure a variety of skin problems with minimal adverse effects when applied topically.