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Comparative Risk Assessment
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Impact of Hazardous Waste on Human Health, 2020
How individuals and social structures, such as legislatures, compare environmental hazards has become a subject of great interest. As individuals, we make personal decisions that, knowingly or not, constitute a comparison of health risks. Some persons unwisely choose to smoke tobacco, perhaps unaware that nicotine in tobacco smoke is addictive. How persons select their living arrangements can result from comparing health risks. Some locales, such as in urban areas, present higher health risks because of higher levels of air pollutants there than in rural areas. However, health risks due to urban environmental pollution may be outweighed by risks that come with commuting to work from less environmentally polluted suburban or rural areas. Sometimes these personal choices are deliberate and based on factual information; other times, personal-choice decisions stem from fears or perceptions not based on scientific data or fact. As discussed in Chapter 8, the perception of environmental hazards differs markedly between the lay public and technical experts.
Policy Impacts of Risk Assessment
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld, Environmental Policy and Public Health, 2017
Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld
How individuals and societal structures, such as legislatures, compare environmental hazards has become a subject of great interest. As individuals, we make personal decisions that, knowingly or not, constitute a comparison of health risks. Some persons unwisely choose to smoke tobacco, perhaps unaware that nicotine in tobacco smoke is addictive. How persons select their living arrangements can result from comparing health risks. Some locales, such as in urban areas, present higher health risks because of higher levels of air pollutants there than in rural areas. However, health risks due to urban environmental pollution may be outweighed by risks that come with commuting to work from less environmentally polluted suburban or rural areas. Sometimes these personal choices are deliberate and based on factual information; other times, personal choices stem from fears or perceptions not based on scientific data or fact.
Carcinogens and cancer
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
Tobacco smoke contains at least 40 chemicals that are carcinogenic to animals (Hecht 1999; IARC 1986). Tobacco smoking is the main identified cause of cancer in industrialised countries. Risk increases with the amount smoked and with the duration of smoking.
Early childhood exposure to maternal smoking and behavioral development
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2021
Makiko Ariyoshi, Toshiharu Mitsuhashi, Naomi Matsumoto, Kazue Nakamura, Takashi Yorifuji
Involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke is ubiquitous in childhood environments, and a recent estimate showed that 40% of children and 35% of female nonsmokers (one possible indicator of fetal exposure) are exposed to secondhand smoke worldwide.1 Involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke can cause multiple health effects such as fetal losses, impaired fetal growth, low birth weight and increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome, respiratory infections, and asthma in young children.2–4 Recent studies also suggest that involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke may have an impact on children’s neurodevelopment.
Pulmonary effects of e-liquid flavors: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Felix Effah, Benjamin Taiwo, Deborah Baines, Alexis Bailey, Tim Marczylo
Tobacco smoking remains the leading cause of preventable deaths globally (World Health Organization 2019). Tobacco smoke contains approximately 7000 different chemicals, including nicotine (National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health 2014), of which 93 chemicals of concern are proposed to produce direct/ indirect harm through inhalation, ingestion, or absorption into the body (FDA 2012; Hoffmann and Hoffmann 1997). Some of these toxicants are responsible for the onset of life-threatening medical conditions that affect the cardiovascular (Frost-Pineda et al. 2011), respiratory (Buist, Vollmer, and McBurnie 2008; Vestbo et al. 2013), and digestive (Doll et al. 2005; El-Zayadi 2006) systems. Nicotine is responsible for tobacco dependence; thus, nicotine replacement therapies (NRT), void of most of the 93 chemicals of concern, are used as smoking cessation aids. It is noteworthy that addition smoking cessation aids also contain low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which may initiate adverse health effects (Kim, Kim, and Shin 2022). Further, traditional NRTs have protracted nicotine absorption profiles that take several min to reach peak plasma concentrations, creating an unpopular choice for cigarette smoking cessation aids. Alternatively, electronic cigarettes (ECs) or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are battery-powered devices designed to vaporize a nicotine-containing solution (known as e-liquid) for a relatively rapid and efficient nicotine delivery system to the brain, which is more comparable to traditional cigarettes. E-liquids contain propylene glycol (PG) and/or vegetable glycerin (VG) and may contain nicotine and/or flavors. ECs, provide reinforcing sensory and behavioral cues in addition to nicotine, which (1) aids in alleviating withdrawal symptoms, (2) reduce nicotine craving, and (3) decreases relapse to smoking (Wadgave and Nagesh 2016).
Carob extract attenuates brain and lung injury in rats exposed to waterpipe smoke
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Mona Abdel-Rahman, Amira A. Bauomy, Fatma Elzahraa H. Salem, Mona Ahmed Khalifa
Tobacco smoke induces cancer, inflammation, oxidative stress in lung and other organs [5,6] . Waterpipe smokers have increased levels of carbon monoxide, so concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin are elevated and lead to tissue hypoxia [7]. However, Virués-Ortega et al. [8] reported that hypoxia affects cognitive functions and cause abnormal motor function.