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Post-Consumer Waste Production and Utilization
Published in Sehliselo Ndlovu, Geoffrey S. Simate, Elias Matinde, Waste Production and Utilization in the Metal Extraction Industry, 2017
Sehliselo Ndlovu, Geoffrey S. Simate, Elias Matinde
The chlorination technique is based on the reaction between tin and gaseous chlorine-forming tin chloride (SnCl4). The absence of moisture and organic compounds in the starting material are prerequisites to application of the chlorination process. The presence of moisture results in iron dissolution, thus contaminating tin chloride. On the other hand, organic materials react with tin resulting in a decreased degree of recovery. Furthermore, since the chlorination process generates a substantial amount of heat that favours the formation of iron chloride, the process is only economical for large-scale recycling.
Desulfurization and de-ashing of low-rank coal by catalytic oxidation using Sn as catalyst loaded in different forms
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
Waqas Ahmad, Ishraq Ahmad, Imtiaz Ahmad, Muhammad Yaseen, Nisar Muhammad, Muhammad Salman
The coal sample was collected from the coal mines located in Darra Adam Khel, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. All the chemicals used in this work were of analytical grade. H2O2 (35%) and Formic Acid (99%) were provided by sigma Aldrich. Tin chloride or stannous chloride (SnCl2), a dehydrated white crystalline, odorless solid having molecular mass of 189.6 g/mol, density of 3.95 g/cm3, melting point of 247 °C and boiling point of 623 °C, was used as a catalyst precursor provided by Sigma Aldrich. Nitric acid (63%) and Ammonia solution (35%), Eschka Mixture, Barium chloride (BaCl2) and Potassium hydroxide (KOH) were supplied by BDH laboratories supplier. Activated Carbon (AC) used as support was purchased from Merck (Germany). Double-distilled water was used throughout the experiments.