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Vitamins and Nutrition
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Several groups around the world worked on the isolation of the protective factor. Casimir Funk, working at the Lister Institute in London, obtained crystalline material containing the factor, as did Umetaro Suzuki, working at the University of Tokyo. B. C. P. Jansen, working with A. P. Dornath, in Dutch Indonesia isolated 100 mg of material starting with 100 kg of rice husk. They conducted an elemental analysis, but failed to recognize the presence of sulfur. Robert R. Williams, an American chemist, working with Edward Vedder in the Philippines, was able to extract the active substance, but not in pure form. He continued his studies, largely on his own time, subsequently at the USDA Bureau of Chemistry and at Bell Labs. He eventually obtained pure material and determined the correct formula C12H17N4OSCl. Finally, Adolf Windaus, using material isolated by chemists at IGF, determined the structure of the active material, by then given the name thiamine and the designation Vitamin B1. Thiamine can also be obtained with the alcohol group in the form of a diphosphate ester. Thiamine functions as a coenzyme for enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
Innovation and Challenges in the Development of Functional and Medicinal Beverages
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Natural Products Pharmacology and Phytochemicals for Health Care, 2021
Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Zanariah Hashim, Yanti Maslina Mohd Jusoh, Eraricar Salleh
An emerging interest toward Vitamin B is observed as it is advertised as a source of nutrients for energy which usually found in energy drinks [97]. One of the examples of Vitamin B is Vitamin B1 which is also known as thiamine and widely distributed in living tissue. Mostly, it could be found in the form of a phosphorylated group in animal products and it is identified as a non-phosphorylated form in plant products [127]. Vitamin B2 or riboflavin are widely distributed in all plant and animal cells. This type of vitamin occurs naturally in two types of form, which are riboflavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Plants and many bacteria can synthesize riboflavin and it is available as dietary amounts in dairy products [127].
Medium Design for Cell Culture Processing
Published in Wei-Shou Hu, Cell Culture Bioprocess Engineering, 2020
Thiamine (vitamin B1) participates in biochemical reactions as thiamine pyrophosphate. It forms a transient C–C bond with the α-carbon of α-keto acid in α-keto acid dehydrogenase reactions to facilitate the departure of CO2 in the decarboxylation reaction. It is also a coenzyme of transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway.
Prison, plantation, and peninsula: colonial knowledge and experimental technique in the post-war Bataan Rice Enrichment Project, 1910–1950
Published in History and Technology, 2019
Thiamine is essential for metabolizing carbohydrates and nervous system function. Its absence causes polyneuritis, which is manifest in adults and infants alike. Adults develop polyneuritis in either one of two forms. ‘Wet polyneuritis’ swells extremities, especially lower limbs; ‘dry polyneuritis’ etiolates the legs and feet.7 Nursing infants can develop infantile polyneuritis if they depend on the breast milk of a thiamine deficient and asymptomatic woman. When inborn thiamine reserves deplete around 6 weeks of life, seemingly healthy and plump babies are seized with fits of uncontrollable crying before going into cardiac failure. Infantile polyneuritis at this stage is nearly always fatal.8 In an adult, symptoms can be reversed when whole grains, legumes, green vegetables, meat, or synthetic thiamine are consumed. Recorded instances of polyneuritis can be found as far back in time as medieval China and, in the modern era, as far north as Halifax. But the deficiency disease became associated with the Asian tropics in the late nineteenth century due to the combined forces of imperialism and global trade. Indeed, its modern moniker, beriberi, is purportedly Sinhalese for ‘I cannot’ (said twice for emphasis).9 The differing manner in which the deficiency disease became legible to Euro-American administrators and Philippine physicians, this next section argues, informed competing possibilities for its treatment and governance.
DFT computational insights into structural, electronic and spectroscopic parameters of 2-(2-Hydrazineyl)thiazole derivatives: a concise theoretical and experimental approach
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2021
Vishnu A. Adole, Thansing B. Pawar, Bapu S. Jagdale
The thiazole structure is a vital pharmacophore in the domain of science; in light of its omnipresence in a variety of biological properties [1–5]. The hydrazinylthiazolyl core is one of the significant pharmacological scaffolds which have produced a profound interest in medicinal and industrial researchers. The astounding pharmacological profile of hydrazinylthiazolyl derivatives includes antitubercular, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiproliferative, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity [6–13]. Besides, numerous thiazole hybrids have been identified as potential antibacterial [14–16], anticancer [17,18], anti-inflammatory [19], anti-tubercular [20], antioxidant [21], analgesic [21,22], antidiabetic [23,24], anti-Alzheimer agents [25,26]. The remarkable examples which show diverse biological activities are depicted in Figure 1. For instance, ravuconazole inhibits 14alpha demethylase prompting lysis of the fungal cell wall and responsible for fungal cell death [27,28]. Niridazole is used to cure schistosomiasis (helminthic disease) caused by some flatworms of the genus Schistosoma [29]. Thiamine injections are used to prevent or cure vitamin B1 deficiency [30,31]. Thiabendazole drug is being used for the treatment of infections caused by worms, for example, threadworm [32,33]. Aztreonam is an antibiotic and principally used to treat diseases brought about by gram-negative bacteria, for example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa [34,35]. Ravuconazole is used to treat fungal infections and therefore act as an antimicrobial agent [36,37]. Voreloxin has a double anti-cancer activity that combines DNA intercalation and the suppression of topoisomerase II action [38,39]. Appropriately, it seems, by all accounts, to be exceedingly appealing to study the previously synthesized 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazole derivatives [40] of biological intrigue from a computational investigation point of view.