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Explosive terrorism characteristics of explosives and explosions
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
TATB, triaminotrinitrobenzene, C6(NO2)3(NH2)3, IUPAC 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, is an aromatic explosive, based on the basic six-carbon benzene ring structure with three nitro functional groups (NO2) and three amine (NH2) groups attached, alternating around the ring (Figure 6.19).
Enhanced reactivity by energy trapping in shocked materials: reactive metamaterials for controllable output
Published in Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2022
Donald Scott Stewart, Kibaek Lee, Alberto M. Hernández
Many previous studies have shown that explosives in particular can be made more sensitive to shock initiation by the addition of inerts. In 1976 a classic paper, Howe et al. [1] showed that adding micron, to sub-millimetre inerts (glass bead, alumina, copper) to condensed explosives (nitromethane, TNT), could change the shock initiation properties of the modified explosive. More recently, Springer et al. [2] carried out a set of simulations that used tungsten layers in HMX/TATB laminates. Both efforts showed that they they were able to make the explosive more sensitive and decrease the distance to detonation due to plane shock initiation. Their conclusions indicated that sensitivity was related to the inclusion volume (particle size) and inert material type. The interpretation of their experiments in terms of multi-faceted hot spots and mechanisms was inconclusive.
Structure and properties of dislocations and the twin boundary on (101) in β-cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine
Published in Philosophical Magazine, 2022
M. J. Cawkwell, N. Mohan, Milovan Zecevic, D. J. Luscher, K. J. Ramos
Potential stacking faults in RDX [34], triclinic 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB) [46], and PETN [47] have been assessed using generalised stacking fault energy surfaces, or γ-surfaces, which evaluate the stacking fault energy, for a given plane, (hkl), as a function of the translation vector, , within the plane of the fault [48,49]. Local minima on the γ-surface correspond to metastable stacking faults, which may permit dislocations to reduce their energy by dissociation into partials [50]. Pal and Picu developed the idea of a ‘geometrical γ’-surface, or g-surface, to rank potential slip systems in β-HMX [38]. The g-surface does not involve calculations of generalised stacking fault energies, , but it instead quantifies the amount of overlap between molecules on either side of the fault plane as a function of the translation vector, t. Since we assume that slip planes and slip directions with low steric hindrance are likely to present low barriers to dislocation motion, the g-surface can be used to infer which slip systems might be active in a molecular crystal. However, because the g-surface construction is concerned only with the geometry of the unit cell, it cannot be used to understand the properties of dislocations, such as whether dissociation into partials is feasible or whether the core will spread on the slip plane.
Theoretical study into structure-properties relationship on energetic derivatives coupling by nitroimidazoles and polynitrobenzenes
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
Energetic materials refer to substances that can undergo chemical explosions by converting chemical energy into thermal energy, light energy, sound energy, and mechanical energy, including gunpowder, pyrotechnic agents, detonating agents, and explosives. On one hand, it is hoped that explosives can generate the maximum detonation heat, and the highest detonation speed; on the other hand, explosives can have the lowest sensitivity and the maximum stability so that it can withstand various energy formation and intensity. Thus, finding new high-energy and low-sensitivity explosives has become the main direction of explosive synthesis, with energy close to cyclotetramethylenetetramine (HMX) and sensitivity close to 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB).