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Common Sense Emergency Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Common Sense Emergency Response, 2020
The elemental composition of crude oil is: Carbon 83%–87%, Hydrogen 10%–14%, Nitrogen 0.1%–2%, Oxygen 0.05%–1.5%, Sulfur 0.05%–6%, and metals <0.1%. Hydrocarbons found in crude oil range from having only one carbon (methane or natural gas) to having 50 (pentacontane). Four main types of hydrocarbons are found in crude oil, paraffins 15%–60%, naphthenes 30%–60%, aromatics 3%–30%, and asphaltics the balance. Paraffins, also known as alkanes, are single-bonded hydrocarbons considered to be saturated. They contain 20–40 carbons in the compounds. Naphthenes are cyclic single-bonded hydrocarbons that end in –ane such as cyclohexane. Aromatics are an organic molecule containing a benzene ring. Asphaltics is a term associated with Asphalts, a class of solid to semi-solid hydrocarbons derived from crude oil. Other chemicals found in crude oil besides hydrocarbons include sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals. The most common metals are iron, nickel, copper, and vanadium.
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Hydrocarbons found in crude oil range from having only 1 carbon (methane or natural gas) to having 50 (pentacontane). Four main types of hydrocarbons are found in crude oil: paraffins (15%–60%), naphthenes (30%–60%), aromatics (3%–30%) and asphaltics (the balance). Paraffins, also known as alkanes, are single-bonded hydrocarbons considered to be saturated. They contain from 20 to 40 carbons in the compounds. Naphthenes are cyclic single-bonded hydrocarbons that end in “-ane,” such as cyclohexane. Aromatics are an organic molecule containing the benzene ring. Asphaltics is a term associated with asphalts, a class of solid to semisolid hydrocarbons derived from crude oil. Other chemicals found in crude oil besides the hydrocarbons include sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metals. The most common metals are iron, nickel, copper and vanadium.
Petroleum Wastewater
Published in Arun Kumar, Jay Shankar Singh, Microalgae in Waste Water Remediation, 2021
There are three exposure routes i.e., ingestion, inhalation or dermal (skin) contact by which hydrocarbons affects human health; further their impacts could either be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).The acute or short term ingestion exposure might cause irritation of the mouth, throat and stomach, and is also responsible for digestive disorders. Further traces of ingested hydrocarbons could reach the lungs, leading to respiratory problems. The chronic ingestion exposure might cause damage to the liver, kidney or gastrointestinal tract. Pathak and Mandalia (2012) suggested that prolonged exposure to aromatics like benzene might be responsible for cancer of the skin, lungs and other areas of the body, even leukaemia.
Catalytic cracking of scrap tire-generated fuel oil from pyrolysis of waste tires with zeolite ZSM-5
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Adnan Abedeen, Md Shameem Hossain, Uday Som, MD Moniruzzaman
Different researchers used different forms of zeolite catalysts to catalytically pyrolyse tire waste and obtained comparable outcomes for pyrolytic oil composition (Qu et al. 2006; Shen et al. 2006; Williams and Brindle 2003) Because of their wide surface area, and high catalytic activity, oil generated by catalysed pyrolysis of synthetic zeolites produced a high amount of aromatic compounds (Williams and Brindle 2003). According to (Miguel et al. 2006), zeolite catalysts favoured the processing of aromatic compounds during catalytic pyrolysis of scrap tires. These aromatic compounds are highly valuable in terms of raw materials for various chemical industries. Some of the vital usages, namely are making of plastic materials, synthetic fibres, resins, rubber lubricants, detergents, dyes, pesticides, and drugs.
Research on emissions controlling of coal-made Fischer–Tropsch process diesel/methanol unconventional pollutants
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Hua Xia, Lian Mei, Yang Jiahui
Based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the nonconventional pollutants of diesel engines fueled with F-T diesel/methanol mixed fuel was revealed, and 30 types of unconventional pollutants were generated during combustion in the mixed fuel cylinder. Propylene, 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and para/m-xylene, which were present in high concentrations, were the main unconventional pollutants. According to chemical structure, the substances can be divided into four types: olefins, alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes and ketones. The classification and composition are shown in Figure 3. It can be seen from the figure that the olefins were mainly divided into monoolefins and diolefins. The concentrations of n-heptane and n-hexane in alkanes were highest. The aromatic hydrocarbons mainly include benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and naphthalene. Among the aldehydes and ketones, acrolein, acetone, and 2-butanone have the highest concentrations.
The effect of the hydrogen fluoride chain on the aromaticity of C6H6 in the C6H6···(HF)1–4 complexes
Published in Molecular Physics, 2018
Hamidreza Jouypazadeh, Hossein Farrokhpour, Mohammad Solimannejad
The concept of aromaticity was introduced for the first time to explain the high stability and low reactivity of the compounds containing aromatic cycles in their structures [1]. The aromaticity can be defined as a result of the electron delocalisation in a closed cycle which leads to the energy stabilisation [2]. The intermolecular interactions involving the aromatic compounds have a main role in the understanding of biological and chemical processes, especially in the drug design and new materials with special functionality [3]. Although there are many published works in the literature on the aromaticity of the compounds [4], there are limited studies in the literature on the effect of intermolecular interaction on the aromaticity [5–8]. Miao et al. performed a systematic study on the aromaticity of borazine and its fluoroderivatives in the cation–π and anion–π interactions [5]. In another study, Rodríguez-Otero et al. studied the change in the aromaticity of benzene, pyrrol, triazine and hexafluorobenzene due to the cation–π and anion–π interactions using nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) methodology [6]. Foroutan-Nejad studied the aromaticity of C6H6 in the presence of an aluminium cluster (Al4) [2–7]. Recently, Sánchez-Sanz investigated the effect of π–π stacking interaction on the aromaticity in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon/nucleobase complexes [8]. Also, Bloom and Wheeler studied the effect of aromaticity on cation–π, anion–π and π–stacking interactions [9].