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Urban Sources of Micropollutants: from the Catchment to the Lake
Published in Nathalie Chèvre, Andrew Barry, Florence Bonvin, Neil Graham, Jean-Luc Loizeau, Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer, Luca Rossi, Torsten Vennemann, Micropollutants in Large Lakes, 2018
Jonas Margot, Luca Rossi, D. A. Barry
Fragrances, such as synthetic musks, are used extensively in cosmetics, perfumes, body lotions, shampoos, detergents and fabric softeners. The main synthetic musks detected in the environment are the polycyclic musks galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN), both produced in high quantities (300-1400 tons/y in Europe in 2002); the nitro musks, ketone and xylene, though their employment has been significantly reduced over recent decades because of their potential toxic health effects; and the bicyclic hydrocarbon fragrance compound, OTNE (Kubwabo et al., 2012; Kupper et al., 2006). Concentrations of musks in raw wastewaters are usually around 0.5-13 L.ig l−1 for HHCB, AHTN and OTNE, and around 5-60 ng l−1 for ketone and xylene (Bester et al., 2008; Clara et al., 2011; Clara et al., 2005b; Fatta-Kassinos et al., 2010; Kupper et al., 2006).
Eradication of Personal Care Products by Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials
Published in Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani, Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials for Water Pollutants Remediation, 2022
Rachna, Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani
One of the most widely studied PCPs is fragrances. These habitually ubiquitous contaminants are generally synthetic musks. Deodorants, washing powder, and soaps include synthetic musks for fragrances. In the early eighties and mid-nineties, nitro musks and polycyclic musks were first introduced. Nitro musks and polycyclic musks are xylenes, ketons, tibetene, celestolide, and phantolide containing compounds. These are proven to be persistent and toxic to aquatic species (Peck 2006).
A critical review of environmental exposure, metabolic transformation, and the human health risks of synthetic musks
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Na Luo, Yanpeng Gao, Xiaoyi Chen, Mei Wang, Xiaolin Niu, Guiying Li, Taicheng An
The benefits of synthetic chemicals to daily life are undeniable. Still, anthropogenic chemical pollution can pose significant environmental threats to humans, including exposure effects and toxicity (Naidu et al., 2021). Synthetic musks (SMs) are fragrance additives in the class of essential synthetic chemicals that bring pleasant aromas and exposure to humans due to their release from various personal care products, household consumer goods, and technical products (Marchal and Beltran 2016). SMs consist of four classes, including nitro, polycyclic, macrocyclic, and alicyclic musks (NMs, PMs, MMs, and AMs, respectively), of which PMs are the most commonly used (Li, Chu, et al., 2018). With improvements in living standards, it is expected that the global market demand for these fragrance commodities will continue to grow (Liu et al., 2021). Large quantities of SMs are continuously released into the environment during the production and use of these commodities (Tavera et al., 2018; Zeng et al., 2018).
Polycyclic musks in the environment: A review of their concentrations and distribution, ecological effects and behavior, current concerns and future prospects
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Jianv Liu, Wenying Zhang, Qixing Zhou, Qingqin Zhou, Yu Zhang, Linfang Zhu
Some countries have formulated usage policies for synthetic musks in the environment. For example, musk ketone (MK) and musk tibetene (MT) have been prohibited from use in fragrant products, and musk ambrette (MA) has been discontinued from use in America. In China, musk moskene (MM), MA and MT are banned components of cosmetics, and MK and musk xylene (MX) are restricted substances in cosmetic components. However, as a new type of pollutant, PCMs began to receive attention more recently compared with other widely recognized pollutants, and the usage policies for PCMs are not entirely complete; thus, further environmental management measures should be put in place. In addition, possible ecological risk assessment surveys of PCMs are generally carried out in small individual areas, which makes it difficult to set environmental standard values or ecological risk thresholds of PCMs for a whole country. To fully understand the ecological risks brought about by PCMs, the relationship between ecological risks and the concentration or morphology of PCMs should be scientifically determined, and systematic studies should be conducted on how PCMs do harm to human beings caused by such risks, both completely and regionally in the future. Only by systematically exploring the toxicological effects of PCMs and their ecological risks can we set ecological risk thresholds or provide a basis for the formulation of environmental standards for PCMs.