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Advanced oxidation process for removal of emerging contaminants in water and sustainable approaches
Published in Manish Kumar, Sanjeeb Mohapatra, Kishor Acharya, Contaminants of Emerging Concerns and Reigning Removal Technologies, 2022
Harikaranahalli Puttaiah Shivaraju, Shivamurthy Ravindra Yashas, David Jenkins
As stated above, even the ecotoxicological effects of CECs are not completely known. There are countable reports that reveal the health impacts on aquatic species and human health. Most of the pharmaceutical residues (analgesics, antibiotics, beta-blockers) have adverse effects on the growth of embryonic kidney cells. The presence of UV filters (Benzophenone) is toxic to aquatic microorganisms and causes bleaching of coral reefs (Tsui et al., 2017). The CECs under the banner of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) directly target the hormonal changes in the species. These changes may be accompanied with impairments in the reproductive health of humans and aquatic organisms. The use of artificial musk compounds in perfumes, shampoos, and detergents can pose threat of high toxicity. Due to their high lipophilic property, they accumulate in living aquatic species, sludge, and sediments (Xu et al., 2019). Another very important class of CECs is the disinfection by-products (Sharma et al., 2021). These are the complex and unknown chemical molecules generated during the disinfection process (use of UV, chlorine, O3, chloramines, etc.). Unfortunately, out of 700–800 by-products identified, very few are being monitored. The health risks from these chemicals may be a miscarriage, birth defects, and mainly bladder cancer. Hence, determining an accurate picture of health risks and ecotoxicological risks from CECs is a potential area for advanced research.
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Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Lisa Smeester, Andrew E. Yosim, Rebecca C. Fry
Mechanistic studies in zebrafish have shown synthetic musks to have antiestrogenic effects (Schreurs et al., 2004); however, despite detectable levels of synthetic musk fragrances found in blood plasma and breast milk (Hutter et al., 2005, 2010), to date little is known about potential health effects in humans.
Polycyclic musks in the environment: A review of their concentrations and distribution, ecological effects and behavior, current concerns and future prospects
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Jianv Liu, Wenying Zhang, Qixing Zhou, Qingqin Zhou, Yu Zhang, Linfang Zhu
Some countries have formulated usage policies for synthetic musks in the environment. For example, musk ketone (MK) and musk tibetene (MT) have been prohibited from use in fragrant products, and musk ambrette (MA) has been discontinued from use in America. In China, musk moskene (MM), MA and MT are banned components of cosmetics, and MK and musk xylene (MX) are restricted substances in cosmetic components. However, as a new type of pollutant, PCMs began to receive attention more recently compared with other widely recognized pollutants, and the usage policies for PCMs are not entirely complete; thus, further environmental management measures should be put in place. In addition, possible ecological risk assessment surveys of PCMs are generally carried out in small individual areas, which makes it difficult to set environmental standard values or ecological risk thresholds of PCMs for a whole country. To fully understand the ecological risks brought about by PCMs, the relationship between ecological risks and the concentration or morphology of PCMs should be scientifically determined, and systematic studies should be conducted on how PCMs do harm to human beings caused by such risks, both completely and regionally in the future. Only by systematically exploring the toxicological effects of PCMs and their ecological risks can we set ecological risk thresholds or provide a basis for the formulation of environmental standards for PCMs.