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Water Pollutants and Water Pollution
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
The key ingredient of detergents is the surfactant or surface-active agent, which acts in effect to make water “wetter” and a better cleaning agent. Surfactants concentrate at interfaces of water with gases (air), solids (dirt), and immiscible liquids (oil). They do so because of their amphiphilic structure, meaning that one part of the molecule is a polar or ionic group (head) with a strong affinity for water, and the other part is a hydrocarbon group (tail) with an aversion to water. This kind of structure is illustrated for the structure of the alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) surfactant:
Textile Cleaning and Odour Removal
Published in G. Thilagavathi, R. Rathinamoorthy, Odour in Textiles, 2022
Kirsi Laitala, Ingun Grimstad Klepp, Vilde Haugrønning
Detergents are used in laundering to improve the cleaning result. Various types of detergents are developed for different types of washing methods, such as hand-washing detergents, wool detergents, detergents for white/light textiles, and specific types for washing machines with vertical and horizontal axis drums (high degree of tumbling in the front-loading h-axis machines require low-sudsing detergents). Detergents are made as granules and liquids in regular and compact formulations, and more recently tablets and single-dose liquid laundry products (liquitabs) (Johansson and Somasundaran 2007). Liquids are better suited for short programs, wool washing, and hand washing because they dissolve more quickly in water. For regular machine washing, powder/granules are more suitable.
Eczema
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
Acute irritant contact dermatitis can be provoked by a few applications of strong irritants. Eczema may also develop after repeated exposure to weak irritants. This dermatitis has been termed cumulative insult dermatitis, chronic irritant dermatitis, “wear and tear” dermatitis, and “traumiterative dermatitis”. As no test can determine whether an irritant is relevant to a patient’s eczema, the evaluation of the importance of irritants in dermatitis has to be a clinical decision. Many chemicals such as solvents, acids, alkalis, and detergents alone or, more commonly, in combination may provoke an irritant dermatitis. Low humidity, cold, and friction may also be important contributory factors. It is difficult to obtain scientific documentation for the widely held belief that contact with irritants is the most common cause of hand eczema. Clinical evidence is, however, overwhelming as various kinds of “wet” work with frequent exposure to water and detergents involve occupational hazards to the hands. Eczema of the hands among housewives is the most common irritant contact dermatitis. An irritant contact dermatitis very often develops in two phases. The first phase is characterized by dryness and slight erythema and if the exposure continues, an inflammatory reaction will develop with more pronounced erythema, edema, and vesicles.
Use of hop cone extract obtained under supercritical CO2 conditions for producing antibacterial all-purpose cleaners
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2018
Tomasz Wasilewski, Dominik Czerwonka, Urszula Piotrowska, Artur Seweryn, Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Marcin Sobczak
APC should possess an array of qualities, the most important of which are good wetting, penetrating, and dispersing properties. A particularly significant aspect is the ability of cleaners to work effectively in cold water. Furthermore, they should have reduced foaming properties so that they can be easily removed from the surface being cleaned. All detergents which come into direct contact with the skin of the hands during use should be sufficiently mild, without a potential to produce skin irritation and cause excessively dry skin. Since APC may be used for cleaning surfaces and objects which get into contact with food, they must not contain potentially toxic substances, so that they are safe for the consumer even after inadequate removal from the surface cleaned (1–3).
Calcium oxalate deposition on cotton fabric in the presence of different anionic surfactants
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
Chen Li, Lijie Wang, Hong Xu, Jinxiang Dong
The anionic surfactant and the builder are the two main ingredients in a laundry detergent, especially in powder detergents.[1,5,6] Many researches have reported that ionic surfactants can significantly influence the crystal phase, size and morphology of calcium oxalate.[7–9] However, detailed studies of sodium oxalate used as a builder and its influence on the calcium oxalate deposition on fabric during laundering have not been reported.
Study of Nickel Nanoparticles in Highly Porous Nickel Metal–Organic Framework for Efficient Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate in Water
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2021
Vahid Mohammadi, Masoumeh Tabatabaee, Abdolmajid Fadaei, Seyed Abolghasem Mirhoseini
Surfactants are considered as the main synthetic detergents (Braga et al. 2015). Due to the growing population of the world and concerns about the incidence and widespread communicable diseases, the surfactants are widely used in soap, toothpaste, detergents, and shampoo (Oliver-Rodríguez et al. 2015). Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is regarded as a commercial anionic surfactant that is frequently found as a pollutant in surface waters. To illustrate, LAS contains a sulfonate aromatic ring in the para position and is attached to a linear alkyl chain (Razavi et al. 2016). This combination is widely used as an emulsifier agent in industrial products such as textiles, paints, polymers, pesticide formulations, pharmaceuticals, mining, oil recovery, pulp, and paper (Mungray and Kumar 2009). Releasing LAS may have adverse impacts on water quality and aquatic habitats (Ying 2006). Therefore, LAS my lead to pollution by entering the environment causing low degradation of these materials (Cokgor et al. 2007). The LAS could also produce toxicity effects on aquatic organisms in low concentrations, i.e. about 1 mg/L; thus, due to its resistance against biodegradation, it could be accumulated in the bodies of aquatic organisms (Koparal, Önder, and Öütveren 2006). Moreover, the amount of LAS was reported between 3 mg/L and 21 mg/L in domestic sewage (Mahvi, Alavi Nakhjavan, and Naddafi 2004). Various procedures are applied to remove or destroy LAS, including an adsorption of LAS on carboxyl modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Guan et al. 2017), comparing Fenton and photo-Fenton processes for removing LAS from aqueous solutions (Miranzadeh et al. 2016), membrane technology, and biological method. It should be noted that the limitations of biological procedures and difficulties with using other technologies (such as membranes) or adsorbing procedures make a challenging condition to develop and employ new methodologies to improve this issue (Yüksel, Ayhan Şengil, and Özacar 2009).