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Polyhydroxyalkanoates, Their Processing and Biomedical Applications
Published in Martin Koller, The Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates, 2020
Emmanuel Asare, David A. Gregory, Annabelle Fricker, Elena Marcello, Alexandra Paxinou, Caroline S. Taylor, John W. Haycock, Ipsita Roy
Another study demonstrated the suitability of PHA-based patches in drug delivery with the required adhesiveness and drug permeation for optimal performance [95]. Further, PHA rods made from a polymer matrix of P(3HB-co-4HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV), were cast using drug/polymer pastes, and loaded with different antibiotics, namely sulbactam-cefoperazone, sulbactam-ampicillin and gentamicin. Rods with high drug loading were assessed in vitro and a burst release phase followed by a slower protracted release of up to 2 months was observed. The rods were further implanted into rabbit tibias containing S. aureus infected metal implants. The PHA rod-antibiotic delivery system resulted in an effective treatment of the infection within a 6-week period, as the antibiotics were released from the rods in a controlled manner [94,96–98].
Prevalence and diversity of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M variants among multidrug resistant Klebsiella spp. from an urban riverine environment in India
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2019
Aftab Hossain Mondal, Mohammad Tahir Siddiqui, Insha Sultan, Qazi Mohd. Rizwanul Haq
The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of 35 Klebsiella isolates positive for ESBL production tested against 19 different antibiotics are shown in Figure 2. Majority of isolates were found to be resistant to most of β-lactams except imipenem and ertapenem. Highest resistance among Klebsiella isolates (97.14%) was observed for ampicillin. Resistance to cefazolin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and monobactams (aztreonam) was observed among 80, 40, 65.71, 54.28, 31.42 and 45.71% isolates respectively. Furthermore, 45.71% isolates showed resistance toward ampicillin+ sulbactam followed by 25.71% for piperacillin+ tazobactam combination. Some isolates showed resistance toward trimethoprim (57.14%) followed by colistin (34.28%) and polymyxin B (20%). Remaining isolates were sensitive toward non β-lactam class of antibiotics. Multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotype was observed among 90% of ESBL positive Klebsiella isolates. The overall resistance of a single isolate toward 19 tested antibiotics is represented as multiple antibiotic resistance index (MAR Index). 85.71% of ESBL positive Klebsiella isolates have MAR index greater than 0.2, however 28.57% of isolates showed MAR index values between 0.4 and 0.49. The MIC values observed for 8 tested antibiotics against Klebsiella isolates are varied from <4 μg/ml to >512 μg/ml (Table 2). Almost all ESBL positive Klebsiella isolates showed high MIC values for the antibiotics ampicillin and trimethoprim.