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Biological Responses in Context
Published in Arthur T. Johnson, Biology for Engineers, 2019
Enzymes are not usually classified as toxins. However, antibiotics, many of which act directly or indirectly enzymatically, are toxic to bacterial cells. Cleaving antibiotic molecules removes their toxic effects. Beta-lactamases in certain antibiotic-resistant bacteria, for example, cleave penicillin molecules and render them ineffective as antibiotics.
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Beta-lactamase is a enzyme produced by some bacteria that provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephamycins, and carbapenems (ertapenem), although carbapenems are relatively resistant to beta-lactamase.
Detection of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas isolates and distribution of denitrifying functional genes
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Nur Önal, Cumhur Avşar, E. Sümer Aras
Some types of Pseudomonas prevent environmental pollution by breaking down nylon and most chemicals through the hydrolases they synthesize (Wang and Mulligan 2009). The most important mechanism in the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics is beta-lactamase production. Beta-lactamases are enzymes encoded by chromosomes, plasmids or transposons (Rice et al. 2003). The aim of the present study was to investigate molecular diversity, multidrug resistance profiles, production of inducible β-lactamase and fluorescence and denitrification functional genes of Pseudomonas species isolated from soil samples.
Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase genes in strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from recreational water and tertiary hospital waste water in Zaria, Nigeria
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
H. I. Atta, S. M. Idris, B. H. Gulumbe, O. J. Awoniyi
Extended spectrum beta lactamase production (Figure 1) was observed in both the Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated from the water sampled from the hospital waste water treatment plant, while ESBL production was only observed in the recreational water source (Bomo lake) and was only observed in Escherichia coli. Both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae have been reported to be the most common producers of extended beta lactamases (Zaniani et al. 2012; Kpoda et al. 2018). There is a high possibility of isolating enteric bacteria bearing ESBL genes from surface waters as well as waste waters (Blaak et al., 2015; Adesoji and Ogunjobi 2016), which is why there is the need for more research on environmental sources of ESBL bacteria as they could serve as important foundations of horizontal transfer of these genes to other bacteria. On average, the isolates from the hospital waste water showed higher percentage of ESBL production (E. coli: 35%; Klebsiella pneumoniae.: 50%) compared to the recreational water (E. coli: 15%; Klebsiella pneumoniae.: 0%). This trend is indicative of higher chances of the spread of ESBL genes into the environment by the water from the treatment plant, which is not surprising considering the fact that the hospital environment has been a source of AMR genes in many studies (Olonitola and Ibrahim 2007; Kpoda et al. 2018). Perhaps the presence of patients receiving treatment with antibiotics also spikes the likelihood of having AMR bacteria in the sewage system. A study by Olonitola et al. in 2007, on ESBLs in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urine specimens of patients attending the same hospital in which study was conducted found that 30% of the isolates were ESBL producers. This buttresses the fact that hospital sewage is packed with potentially virulent bacteria and could spread to the environment and eventually get to the food chain. Conversely, a recent study in Poland by Haberecht et al. (2019), which focused on detection of AMR E. coli in environmental waters, showed a much higher occurrence of E. coli in sewer and WWTP influent waters. On the other hand, ESBL-producing E. coli was several folds higher in number in surface waters, compared to sewer and waste water treatment plant influent and effluent waters. This could be due to the proximity of surface waters to recreational and/or agricultural facilities used by humans. The role of water matrices in the spread of AMR enteric bacteria has not been the focus of studies on MDR bacteria in Nigeria, and this is particularly disturbing considering the fact that sewage disposal is not always done according to expected health standards. Also, the surrounding areas of water bodies such as rivers, streams, and ponds in the rural community are often used as points of passing faeces and urine, which could potentially harbour AMR bacteria. However, even drinking water sources and not just sewage could be a reservoir of bacteria harbouring ESBL genes.