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Biomolecules from Microalgae for Commercial Applications
Published in Kalyan Gayen, Tridib Kumar Bhowmick, Sunil K. Maity, Sustainable Downstream Processing of Microalgae for Industrial Application, 2019
Meghna Rajvanshi, Uma Shankar Sagaram, G. Venkata Subhash, G. Raja Krishna Kumar, Chitranshu Kumar, Sridharan Govindachary, Santanu Dasgupta
Odor, color and fishy smell are the key obstacles in the acceptance of microalgae as food. Acceptance requires innovative food product development, where the smell can be masked, and the color is not a hindrance. For example, Chlorella has been added to yogurt (Jin-Kyoung and Shin-In 2005) and cheeses (Jeon 2006); likewise, A. platensis was incorporated into cookies to increase the protein and fiber content (Abd El Baky, El Baroty, and Ibrahem 2015). Pasta and smoothies are other options for the incorporation of microalgal protein, where different colors are easily acceptable (Caporgno and Mathys 2018). Functional properties, like foaming, gelling, solubility and texture of a protein could be enhanced through chemical and enzymatic modifications, thus making algal proteins more suitable for incorporation into a wider variety of food products. For instance, succinic anhydride, through the acylation reaction, improves the solubility of the protein. Similarly, disulfide bond cleavage using sodium sulfite improves the viscosity and adhesive strength of soya protein (Hettiarachchy and Ziegler 1994). Similar strategies need to be applied to microalgae proteins for improving the acceptance levels. The scalability of protein extraction is another bottleneck, as the technology is in its infancy. Out of the many technologies available, pulse electric field, ultrasound and membrane technology have been considered options for large-scale operations (Bleakley and Hayes 2017).
Synthesis of Additives Based on Olefin-Maleic Anhydride Reactions
Published in Wilfried J. Bartz, Engine Oils and Automotive Lubrication, 2019
Many industrial additives, including several of those used in petroleum products are produced by reacting an olefin - usually alpha olefin – and maleic anhydride. In this reaction either alkenyl succinic anhydride of maleic anhydride – olefin copolymers are produced depending upon the reaction parameters. The potential use of the reaction products depends not only on this difference, but also on the characteristics of the olefin raw material. According to data in the literature the carbon number of olefin molecules used in such reactions is within the range 2 to 60, and the structure of the olefin molecules can be different. Most of the suggested hydrocarbons are, however, alpha olefins. In the present paper the reaction of maleic anhydride and various olefins – polyethylene and atactic polypropylene degradation products, crack gasoline oligomers – were investigated and the potential use of the produced anhydrides or copolymers and some of their derivatives as additives for lubricants are evaluated and correlations among the performance and olefin type are tried to be established.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Chemically Modified Wood
Published in David N.-S. Hon, Chemical Modification of Lignocellulosic Materials, 2017
Matsuda and Ueda [27] also extensively investigated the esterification of wood in order to make a totally thermoplastic material. They esterified wood with a solvent by simply heating wood meal with succinic anhydride for 3 h at temperatures greater than 60°C. The wood meal was readily molded at 180°C under a pressure of 570 kg/cm2 for 10 min. The moldability of various esterified woods decreased in the following anhydride order: succinic anhydride > maleic anhydride > phthalic anhydride.
Poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate)-based polyampholyte brush surface with carboxylic groups to improve blood compatibility
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Tomoyuki Azuma, Taishi Matsushita, Vivek Anand Manivel, Kristina Nilsson Ekdahl, Bo Nilsson, Yuji Teramura, Madoka Takai
In addition to succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride and glutaric anhydride were used for the modification of poly(AEMA). Glutaric anhydride induces carboxylic group with longer alkyl spacer than succinic anhydride. Maleic anhydride induces carboxylic group with the alkyl spacer of double bond. L929 adhesion was evaluated on these surfaces (Supplementary material, Figure S2). We found that maleic anhydride treatment could not necessarily prevent cell adhesion, though it has neutral charge. This is probably because double bond of maleic anhydride inhibited inter- and intra-molecular interaction in the polymer brush. This result suggests that the molecular structure of polymer brush itself is more important than the surface charge. On the other hand, thiolated molecules could be immobilized on maleic anhydride-treated poly(AEMA) with high density comparable to polymer brush itself (Data not shown). Further investigation will achieve the more rational design of maleic anhydride-treated poly(AEMA). Hereafter, Polymer 2 surface was used for the blood compatibility test.
Recent advance in enhanced adsorption of ionic dyes from aqueous solution: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Succinic anhydride and maleic anhydride are the most widely used anhydrides in adsorbents modification. The chemical formula of anhydrides is R–CO–O–CO–R’, which can be hydrolyzed in an aqueous solution to form carboxyl group (–R–CO–OH). Carboxyl groups can be grafted with –OH or –NH2 groups through esterification or amidation reactions (Chen et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2018). In addition to providing carboxyl groups, they have the advantage of simple preparation. For example, Chen et al. easily grafted succinic anhydride on passion fruit peel by stirring, the as prepared adsorbent could adsorb 1776 and 1756 mg/g of MB and MV, respectively (Chen et al., 2021).
Electron paramagnetic resonance study of the paramagnetic center in gamma-irradiated tetrahydrophthalic anhydride single crystal
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2020
Tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (THPA) is easily obtainable from maleic anhydride and butadiene (22). Maleic anhydride is an electron acceptor alkene (23). In a previous study, this feature of maleic anhydride was found to be valid for succinic anhydride (12). Succinic anhydrides are obtained as a result of a chemical reaction of maleic anhydride (24). The EPR study of succinic anhydride proved the presence of two anion radicals (12). The paramagnetic centers in succinic anhydride were formed by breaking the carbon–oxygen double bond.