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Advanced manufacturing and high-quality materials
Published in Natalia Yakovleva, Edmund Nickless, Routledge Handbook of the Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development, 2022
Kazuyo Matsubae, Eiji Yamasue, Hisao Ohtake
The elemental phosphorus produced by the process explained above is used as a starting material for the manufacture of various final products. For instance, elemental phosphorus is oxidized to produce thermal phosphoric acid which is used for the manufacture of high-quality phosphate salts and phosphate esters. Elemental phosphorus is also reacted with chlorine to form phosphorus chlorides, such as phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride, and phosphorus oxychloride. Further, the allotropic modification of elemental phosphorus produces red phosphorus. These products are used as food additives, in the production of flame retardants, as plasticizers, as electrolytes for lithium secondary batteries, and as agents for plating, etching, and surface treatments.
Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
The major phosphorus oxyhalide in commercial use is phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3), a faintly yellow fuming liquid. Reacting with water to form toxic vapors of hydrochloric acid and phosphonic acid (HPO(OH)2, of which only two of the H's are ionizable, phosphorus oxyhalide is a strong irritant to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes.
Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
The major phosphorus oxyhalide in commercial use is phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3), a faintly yellow fuming liquid. Reacting with water to form toxic vapors of hydrochloric acid and phosphonic acid (HPO(OH)2, of which only two of the H’s are ionizable, phosphorus oxyhalide is a strong irritant to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes.
Facile and green synthesis of 4,6-dimethoxy-2-methylsulfonylpyrimidine using chloromethane as methylating agent
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2021
Jing Guan, Hang Hu, Bin Wang, Xiangjian Xu, Lele Zhang, Yipeng Xie, Defeng Xu
4,6-dimethoxy-2-methylsulfonyl pyrimidine (DMSP) is an important intermediate which has been widely used in the synthesis of plant growth regulators (Yoshiichi 1989), environmentally friendly pesticides (Dixson, Murugesan, and Barnes 1992), and fungicides (Ito et al. 1988). The conventional synthesis process consists of 4 steps: (1) Methylating 2-thiobarbituric acid with dimethylsulfate to give 2-mercapto-pyrimidine-4,6-dihydroxy; (2) 2-mercapto-pyrimidine-4,6-dihydroxy reacts with phosphorusoxy chloride to give 4,6-dichloro-2-methylthiopyrimidine; (3) 4,6-dichloro-2-methylthiopyrimidine reacts with sodium methoxide to obtain 4,6-dimethoxy-2-methylthiopyrimidine; (4) Oxidizing 4,6-dimethoxy-2- methylthiopyrimidine with hydrogen peroxide to get the final product DMSP (Jau and Urwyler 2002). The chemical compounds used in this process are very dangerous. For instance, the dimethylsulfate is highly toxic and can induce lung cancer (Alvarez, Hunt, and Kennedy 1997; Ip et al. 1989). The phosphorus oxychloride is highly toxic and highly corrosive, which can cause pulmonary edema and produce a large amount of acid water (Quistad et al. 2000; Weeks et al. 1964; Wason et al. 1984). Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop an environment-friendly synthetic technology for DMSP.