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Stains
Published in Rajkishore Nayak, Saminathan Ratnapandian, Care and Maintenance of Textile Products Including Apparel and Protective Clothing, 2018
Rajkishore Nayak, Saminathan Ratnapandian
Stains are local deposits of soiling or discolouration that exhibit some degree of resistance to removal by laundering or dry cleaning, thus creating critical issues in garment care [280,327]. The presence of stains on a garment makes it dull, stiff and vulnerable to attack by insects. Any attempt to remove stains may cause colour loss or abrasion. Stain removal is affected by the age, extent and type of stain and the type of fabric. The fibre content, fabric construction and the dye and finish characteristics should be considered before stain removal, as the same stain may respond differently in different fabrics. Failure of the cleaning method to remove soiling and stains may lead to product failure.
Characterization of a novel detergent-resistant type I pullulanase from Bacillus megaterium Y103 and its application in laundry detergent
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Yongmin Wu, Shuai Huang, Xiaobo Liang, Peng Han, Yuchun Liu
As shown in Table 2, the addition of PulY103B significantly improved the detergency of all detergents tested (p < 0.05). The maximum value of R reached 56.27 when 0.5 U/mL of PulY103B was added to 3.0 g/L of Blue Moon. Similarly, the value of P presented the same trend and obtained the highest value (1.94) at the same condition of detergency. However, no significant differences were observed in the values of R and P between T5 and T6 for all detergents tested (p < 0.05). The results of stain removal test of PulY103B (Supplementary Figure S2) and the results of SEM (Supplementary Figure S3) suggested that the enzyme combined with the commercial detergent Blue Moon (3.0 g/L) at 25 °C was remarkably better than the detergent alone in removing starch-based stains.
Photocatalytic finishing of silk and viscose fabrics
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Samiha M. Abo El-Ola, Rehab M. Kotb, Rania N. Shaker
Titania NPs have a notable affinity towards carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Most of the research studies based on considering the carboxylic groups are the superior anchoring for titania NPs irrespective of the type of fibres used. Different mode of interactions could be expected to the binding between titanium atoms and the carboxyl groups, the first one is monodentate to form ester-like linkage, or they bide with the two oxygen atoms (bidentate chelating or bidentate bridging). Also, titania NPs surface interacts with the fabric surface through hydroxyl groups and/or lattice oxygen atoms. Another hypothesis stated that the interaction of titania NPs with the fabric surfaces is electrostatic attraction, the positive charge of Ti+4, and the negative charge of fabric. It was reported that metal oxide surfaces are covered with hydroxyls reactive groups. These groups are helpful in supporting the surface adsorption with the substrate that they connect through electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interaction (Radeti, 2013; Senić et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2015). Viscose containing hydroxyl function groups whereas silk contains hydroxyl, amino, carboxylate, amide function groups. Citric acid interacts with both fabrics through esterification reaction so increased the binding between the titania NPs and the finished fabrics which in turn increased its efficiency for stain removal.
An amylopullulanase (ApuNP1) from Geobacillus thermoleovorans NP1: biochemical characterization and its potential industrial applications
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
The stain removal results of ApuNP1 suggest that the enzyme exhibited better performance for the removal of the stains when used in combination with the commercial detergent (Ariel, 10 mg/mL) at 50°C as compared to the stain removal power by detergent or enzyme alone (Figure 8). This supports that the addition of ApuNP1 to laundry detergent formulations as a detergent additive, besides other enzymes, for example, amylases, may be useful for the removal of the starch-based stains. Similar results for the amylopullulanase of Geobacillus thermoleovorans NP33 were also reported by Nisha and Satyanarayana.[38]