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The Chemistry of Hazardous Materials
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
Ammonium hypochlorite, NH4ClO, shown in reaction (14.19), is a white powder soluble in water. It is similar to sodium hypochlorite, common bleach, and a strong oxidizing agent, and it is corrosive to human tissue. In short, mixing ammonia-based cleaning solutions with chlorine-based bleaches will most likely produce a variety of toxic substances and should be avoided.
Mold: Potential Threats Sprout in a Watery World
Published in Ed Bas, Indoor Air Quality, 2020
This is the first problem that needs to be addressed. Mold can be cleaned off surfaces with a weak bleach solution. Mold under carpets typically requires that the carpets be removed. Once mold starts to grow in insulation or wallboard the only way to deal with the problem is by removal and replacement. We do not believe that one needs to take any different precautions with Stachybotrys chartarum (Stachybotrys atra), than with other molds. In areas where flooding has occurred, prompt cleaning of walls and other flood-damaged items with water mixed with chlorine bleach, diluted 10 parts water to 1 part bleach, is necessary to prevent mold growth. Never mix bleach with ammonia. Moldy items should be discarded.
Healthcare Environment and Infection Control
Published in Herman Koren, Best Practices for Environmental Health, 2017
If the release of the biological substance is into water and cases of a disease start to track to a water source, immediately issue a boil water order to the public for any water used in drinking, eating, preparation of food, brushing teeth, or other essential personal needs, bathing, etc. for people and pets. Bottled water may be used for these purposes or the water may be disinfected by using bleach with 1/8 teaspoon of bleach per gallon of water, shaking the container and letting it stand for 30 minutes before using. After the boil water notice is withdrawn, thoroughly flush all water outlets including those for swimming pools, hot tubs, spas, icemakers, etc. All swimming areas need to be thoroughly cleaned using gloves and masks if necessary, disinfected, and restocked with treated water.
Extremozymes used in textile industry
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Priyanka Kakkar, Neeraj Wadhwa
Bleaching is important wet processing to remove any natural pigment and provide pure white cotton fibers. Glucose oxidase enzyme is used for the bleaching of cotton fibers and the process is called biobleaching. In the presence of oxygen, glucose oxidase enzyme oxidise the glucose molecule into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Catalase, laccase is used to remove the left behind hydrogen peroxide called bleach cleanup. Small amount of catalase is sufficient to convert it into hydrogen and oxygen as shown in Figure 2. Catalase only acts on the hydrogen peroxide present on the fabric and the other material remain unharmed. Enzymatic cleaning of peroxide is eco-friendly and use less water by avoiding extensive washing and less energy consumption (Shahid et al., 2016), (Roy Choudhury, 2020). Geobacillus thermo pakistaniensis is used to isolate catalase and laccase (Basheer et al., 2017; Shaeer et al., 2019). Recombinant enzyme of catalase has been produced by encoding the gene CAT responsible for cold adaptive catalytic activity in psychrophile and its hetrogenous expression in E.coli. It is active in wide range of temperature form 20 to 70 °C (Sarmiento et al., 2015). Biopolishing is the process to remove fuzz and pilling from the fabric surface. Cellulase enzyme is used to treat the fabric surface. It makes the fabric texture smoother, better appearance, color brightness, and improves water absorbing property. Controlled enzymatic treatments optimise the surface properties of the fabric but may result in decrease in tensile strength which is commercially acceptable (Roy Choudhury, 2020).
Evaluation of surface disinfection methods to inactivate the beta coronavirus Murine Hepatitis Virus
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2022
R. L. Hardison, S. W. Nelson, D. Barriga, N. Feliciano Ruiz, J. M. Ghere, G. A. Fenton, D. J. Lindstrom, R. R. James, M. J. Stewart, S. D. Lee, M. W. Calfee, S. P. Ryan, M. W. Howard
Disinfectant products, active ingredients, and method(s) of application tested are listed in Table 1 and were used consistent with the product label. For products requiring dilution to achieve their use concentration, laboratory-prepared hard water was the diluent. Hard water was prepared as described in US EPA SOP MB-30-02 (EPA 2019) and tested for hardness [338–394 parts per million (ppm) acceptable range] using a Hach Model 5B Hardness Test Kit (Hach, Loveland, CO). Peroxide Multi-Surface Cleaner (EcoLab, St. Paul, MN) was prepared at a working concentration of 4 oz cleaner per gallon of hard water according to manufacturer instructions for use as a virucidal agent. Sodium hypochlorite (bleach; Clorox, Oakland, CA) was prepared at 78.1 mL (1/3 cup) bleach per 3.79 L (1 gallon) hard water in accordance with CDC guidance for cleaning and disinfection and is referred to as bleach solution (CDC 2020, 2021a). Clorox Total 360 was used neat according to manufacturer instructions.
Assessment of home care aides’ respiratory exposure to total volatile organic compounds and chlorine during simulated bathroom cleaning: An experimental design with conventional and “green” products
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2021
J. E. Lindberg, M. M. Quinn, R. J. Gore, C. J. Galligan, S. R. Sama, N. N. Sheikh, P. K. Markkanen, A. Parker-Vega, N. D. Karlsson, R. F. LeBouf, M. A. Virji
The C&D products and application methods selected for this study were informed by the results of focus groups of aides to characterize HC work (Markkanen et al. 2014); a microbiology laboratory comparative evaluation of conventional vs. green C&D products to remove soil and eliminate pathogens (Goodyear et al. 2015), and a microbiology field study for the effectiveness of conventional and green C&D products to eliminate pathogens in elder housing (Goodyear et al. 2018). For this study, three ready-to-use spray C&D products were selected from brands available at local stores. Two were reported in aide focus groups to be among the most commonly used conventional products, while the third was a widely available green C&D product. The active disinfecting ingredient in the first conventional product was 1–5% sodium hypochlorite by weight according to the product’s safety data sheet (the “bleach-based product”). The second conventional product contained 0.1–1% by weight quaternary ammonium compounds (the “quats-based” product). The active disinfecting ingredient in the green product was 0.05% by weight thymol, a mono-terpene and component of botanical thyme oil. Bottled distilled water was used as a control.