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Scope and Application of Bionanotechnology for the Bioremediation of Emerging Contaminants Generated as Industrial Waste Products
Published in Naveen Dwivedi, Shubha Dwivedi, Bionanotechnology Towards Sustainable Management of Environmental Pollution, 2023
Md Shahid Alam, Surabhi Rode, Harry Kaur, Sapna Lonare, Deena Nath Gupta
Bleaching helps decolorize the yarn to produce a white yarn that can be made into bright and light colors (Madhu and Chakraborty, 2017). Hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, sodium silicate, and oxalic acids are the most commonly used bleaching chemicals. The most widely used bleaching agent is hypochlorite. This process discharges mainly toxic pollutants in wastewater (Yaseen and Scholz, 2019).
Sewage treatment
Published in Mohammad Albaji, Introduction to Water Engineering, Hydrology, and Irrigation, 2022
Disinfection in the sewage treatment provides substantially decrease in the microorganisms number in the water to reuse in the drinking, bathing, irrigation, etc. The effective level of disinfection depends on the several factors such as quality of the water being treated (e.g., cloudiness, pH, etc.), the type of used disinfection, the disinfectant dosage (concentration and time), and other environmental variables. The common methods of disinfection are including ozone, chlorine, ultraviolet light, or sodium hypochlorite.
Water Treatment
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Water, 2020
Hypochlorites must be stored properly to maintain their strengths. Calcium hypochlorite must be stored in airtight containers in cool, dry, dark locations. Sodium hypochlorite degrades relatively quickly even when properly stored; it can lose more than half of its strength in three to six months. Operators should purchase hypochlorites in small quantities to assure they are used while still strong. Old chemicals should be discarded safely.
Disinfection options for irrigation water: Reducing the risk of fresh produce contamination with human pathogens
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Catherine E. Dandie, Abiodun D. Ogunniyi, Sergio Ferro, Barbara Hall, Barbara Drigo, Christopher W. K. Chow, Henrietta Venter, Baden Myers, Permal Deo, Erica Donner, Enzo Lombi
The need to utilize water bodies and sources with sub-optimal microbiological characteristics is anticipated to increase in line with increased demand for water by the agricultural sector and society in general. In the case of fresh produce, it is of paramount importance that the microbiological quality of the water is optimized to minimize the potential for pathogen outbreaks. A significant number of treatment technologies are available for the treatment of irrigation water and they include both physical and chemical treatments. At present, the use of sodium hypochlorite and UV disinfection are widely applied because of both cost and convenience. However, other treatments such as EO water and electrochemical water disinfection (which do not require addition of chemicals) could provide interesting alternatives. Hydrodynamic cavitation should also be considered and further investigated as, in addition to not requiring chemicals due to it being a “mechanical treatment process,” it may also mitigate disinfection-induced selection of resistant bacteria (which are often pathogenic), particularly if it is proven to also destroy resistance genes and not induce the VBNC state. As noted above, however, it is generally advisable that multiple treatments are used in conjunction in high-risk settings (e.g., salad crop production), in order to ensure continuity of high water quality even in the event of total or partial failure of individual treatment barriers. We propose the concept of multistep irrigation water treatment that could be implemented for on-farm sanitation, which could vary depending on the physico-chemical parameters of the water to be treated, level of contamination and the size and cost implications of the approach to be adopted.
An emerging pretreatment technology for reducing postharvest loss of vegetables-a case study of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) drying
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Li-Zhen Deng, Chun-Hong Xiong, Parag P. Sutar, Arun S. Mujumdar, Yu-Peng Pei, Xu-Hai Yang, Xian-Wei Ji, Qian Zhang, Hong-Wei Xiao
Red pepper is frequently contaminated with high levels of bacteria, molds, and yeasts due to the poor sanitary conditions during cultivation and harvesting, which causes the high microbial load on the dried products.[19] Furthermore, foodborne pathogens like Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus have been detected in dried red pepper.[20] Dried red pepper is usually consumed directly or as an ingredient in many ready-to-eat food products. When rehydrated or used in food with higher water activity, surviving microbes can propagate to levels that could constitute a risk to consumers. Moreover, contamination with mold may result in product spoilage and even production of mycotoxins, which are severely toxic to human and animal health.[21] Mycotoxin is often detected in dried red peppers, and it is challenging to destroy aflatoxins that are resistant to the various extreme environment.[14,21] The thermal treatment is effective in eliminating microorganisms in food.[22] However, dried products' low water activity environments offer considerable protection against microorganisms, while their thermal resistance increases as the water activity decrease.[22] There are various disinfection technologies, such as chlorine dioxide, ozone, electrolyzed water, sodium hypochlorite.[23,24] Those treatments either need a long exposure time or increase the moisture content of dried products. Therefore, it might be desirable to decontaminate the fresh sample before drying.
Silver nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2 and its potential application in medical protective clothing – a review
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Toufique Ahmed, R. Tugrul Ogulata, Sabiha Sezgin Bozok
Also, the confined air or environment in different meeting places and public transport has been transmuted into hotspots for viral outbreaks. For these reasons, disinfection is highly desirable in different sections like individual belongings, mass gathering places, and hospitals. Hospital authorities use liquid chlorine, UV radiation, chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite, ozone, and other chemicals to disinfect. However, the majority of them are hazardous to human health. Moreover, these are associated with storage, transportation, pollution, high operating cost, and hazardous by-products (J. Wang et al., 2020). Another way to prevent the spread of infection is to use medical protective clothing. Factors such as fabric tightness, number of layers, porosity, and air permeability determine the efficiency of protective clothing. Antibacterial textiles in personal protective equipment (PPE) are highly desirable to ensure their safety and multiple uses. Antibacterial textiles are usually produced using synthetic fibers because natural fibers are a great source of nutrients for microorganisms (S.-H. Lim & Hudson, 2004). Although synthetic fibers show strong resistance to microorganisms due to their hydrophobicity, the presence of bacteria can cause contamination (Cappitelli & Sorlini, 2008). On the other hand, the porous and hydrophilic structure of natural fibers can lead to microbial attack. Nonetheless, natural fibers are favored for their excellent comfort and other characteristics such as contours. Medical PPEs should be comfortable since the medical personnel will be wearing them for an extended period. Hence, more research is needed to develop comfortable, non-hazardous, and antimicrobial medical textiles. Silver nanoparticles are the most widely used and least harmful antibacterial agent. It has a wide range of applications, including industrial (such as inkjet inks, circuits, etc.), optical, medical diagnostic, and antibacterial applications.