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Running gear
Published in Andrew Livesey, Practical Motorsport Engineering, 2019
The spring absorbs the shock when the wheel hits a bump in the road. The spring must be strong enough to support the vehicle and its load; but be able to be compressed when a bump is hit. There are a number of different springs; the popular ones are coil springs, leaf springs and torsion bar springs. All these different springs are made from specially tempered medium-carbon steel called spring steel.
Suspension and Steering
Published in Andrew Livesey, Basic Motorsport Engineering, 2012
The spring absorbs the shock when the wheel hits a bump in the road. The spring must be strong enough to support the vehicle and its load, but be able to be compressed when a bump is hit. There are a number of different springs: the popular ones are coil springs, leaf springs and torsion bar springs. If you look at the following figures you'll be able to see the differences. All these different springs are made from specially tempered, medium carbon steel called spring steel.
Exact shell solutions for conical springs. II. Radial cylindric curb
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2023
Disk spring is well known for its configuration to nonlinearly withstand a large force with minimum deflection while storing a large amount of energy in relation to the space occupied, Ch.12.12, (Juvinall and Marshek 2017) The disk springs are manufactured to meet the fatigue life requirements while exhibiting a minimum amount of relaxation. The selection of spring material effects the above requirements. For standard applications, the spring steel is used. Moreover, the distinct materials and special manufacturing procedures can be applied for high corrosion resistance, operation at low or high temperatures and antimagnetic properties. The cost-effective and less accurate application of disk Marshes spring are Belleville washers. The Belleville washers are used for static applications, in which some certain setting and loss of axial force can be tolerated. Belleville washers, manufactured from steel strip, are not presetted during the manufacturing. The inside and outside diameters of the disk spring are not exactly machined. The disk springs belong to the most fabricated elements of the modern machinery. The application of finite-element programs for a routinely calculations of all different disk springs is possible, but economically ineffective because of multiplicity and variety of dimensions and design cases. Consequently, the designer needs the simple and reliable formulas for the precise evaluation of loads and stresses of differently assembled disk springs and washers. The comprehensive list of references for the calculation of the common disk springs was given in the first part of the report (Kobelev 2016).
Dynamic performance evaluation of rail fastening system based on a refined vehicle-track coupled dynamics model
Published in Vehicle System Dynamics, 2022
Xuancheng Yuan, Shengyang Zhu, Wanming Zhai
The numerical modal analysis is conducted with the help of a FE model of RFC. Although the shape of Type II RFC is complex, its 3D solid model can be easily created with a 3D modelling software. In this study, the 3D solid model of RFC is exported into the FE analysis software ANSYS® to establish the FE model. The Solid185 element is adopted to create the FE model, and the mesh is generated by sweeping along the centre line of RFC with hexahedrons. There are 42924 elements and 48345 nodes in total in this model. Since mode superposition method is a linearised method, the nonlinear behaviour of material such as plastic deformation of RFC is not taken into account, and only linear elastic material behaviour is considered. The Type II RFC is made of 60Si2CrA spring steel. The material parameters such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, as well as the density, are 210 GPa, 0.3, and 7800 kg/m3, respectively.
Refractory/steel/inclusion interactions in Al-deoxidised valve spring steel treated with Na2CO3
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2019
Liangjun Chen, Weiqing Chen, Wei Yan, Yindong Yang, Alexander McLean
In view of similarity between compositions of Al-deoxidised and Si–Mn-deoxidised spring steel, Si–Mn-deoxidised spring steel billet was used as master material for simplification. Table 1 shows the composition of the master material. As reported before, Fe powder can obviously promote Na2CO3 addition efficiency by suppressing the volatilisation and decomposition of Na2CO3 [13]. Therefore, Na2CO3 powder was mixed uniformly with iron powder for efficient addition. All master material was melted in a high-purity MgO crucible to simulate the effect of MgO–C ladle lining. Table 2 shows the composition of the crucible.