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Green Chemistry
Published in Paul Mac Berthouex, Linfield C. Brown, Chemical Processes for Pollution Prevention and Control, 2017
Paul Mac Berthouex, Linfield C. Brown
To realize the extent of calcium chloride waste disposal problems caused by using the Solvay process, we need only examine the net reaction, which indicates that for each molecule of sodium carbonate manufactured, one molecule of waste calcium chloride is formed. The net chemical reaction for the Solvay process is
Phase-Change Materials
Published in George A. Lane, Solar Heat Storage: Latent Heat Materials, 1986
The material CaCl2·6H2O is inexpensive and abundant. It is obtained by separation from brine, mined by pumping from subterranean deposits. It was known to chemists of an earlier century as “oleum calcis”. CaCl2 is also produced as a by-product of several industrial chemical processes, for example, the Solvay process for producing sodium carbonate.
Carbon capture and utilization technologies: a literature review and recent advances
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Francisco M. Baena-Moreno, Mónica Rodríguez-Galán, Fernando Vega, Bernabé Alonso-Fariñas, Luis F. Vilches Arenas, Benito Navarrete
CO2 has a particular affinity for interacting with various nitrogen nucleophiles, such as ammonia or amines. This fact is of great synthetic relevance since it is a key step towards the carbonylation of the said nucleophile and the synthesis of N-carbonyl compounds. The fixation of CO2 by amines can produce carbamic acids, carriers of the carbamate group (RR’NCO2). Nowadays, the interest in the reaction between amines and CO2 continues, since in addition to its traditional uses, such as in the Solvay process or in the synthesis of urea from ammonia and CO2, new applications with synthetic relevance have emerged, such as the synthesis of esters from carbamates, isocyanates, and ureas (Quaranta and Aresta 2010).
Resource recovery and utilization of bittern wastewater from salt production: a review of recovery technologies and their potential applications
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2021
Arseto Yekti Bagastyo, Afrah Zhafirah Sinatria, Anita Dwi Anggrainy, Komala Affiyanti Affandi, Sucahyaning Wahyu Trihasti Kartika, Ervin Nurhayati
In the same way, as for reject brine, the NaCl contained in saltern bittern can be directly used for CCS through the addition of ammonia (the Solvay process) to form sodium bicarbonate precipitate, which can be removed by filtration (Eq. 3) [108]. However, this process has some drawbacks, for example (i) ammonia is volatile at the temperature used for the conventional CCS process; and (ii) the addition of lime for the regeneration of ammonia leads to more CO2 production (Eqs. 4–6) [28,109]. The mechanisms underlying this process can be expressed as follows:
Life-cycle assessment-based comparison of different lignocellulosic ethanol production routes
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Govind Murali, Yogendra Shastri
The inventory for the biorefinery stage is based on the following assumptions: All types of low-lignin biomass give similar yield when they undergo the same treatments. Data related to process performance are taken from different sources for different feedstocks. Thus, operating conditions, scale of operation and so on may be different. However, these factors are ignored.The pre-treatment and hydrolysis of the polysaccharides result in the production of only glucose and xylose, and the production of other hexose or pentose monosaccharides is ignored. Oligomer formation has also been ignored.Recovery of 100% is assumed after the pre-processing of the biomass.The initial temperature of the biomass is assumed to be 30 °C.The operating conditions for hydrolysis and fermentation do not change based on the pre-treatment selection.Fermentation is assumed to take place at relatively low temperatures. Therefore, energy for fermentation has been neglected.The CO2 emitted during the fermentation stage is ignored for calculation of global warming potential since it is considered to be of biogenic origin.LSHS (low-sulfur heavy stock) has been used as fuel in boilers for steam generation.A contact process is assumed for sulfuric acid production, Solvay process for soda production and steam reforming for ammonia production.