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Carbonaceous Composites of Rare Earth Metal Chalcogenides
Published in Mohan Lal Kolhe, Kailash J. Karande, Sampat G. Deshmukh, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Materials for Energy Applications, 2023
Dhanaji B. Malavekar, Shital B. Kale, Chandrakant D. Lokhande
The electrolyte is an important component of SC device and its chemical and physical characteristics affect the device’s performance, including specific capacitance, rate performance, power density, cycling stability, and safety [35]. The interaction between electrode and electrolyte at the interface in all electrochemical processes influences surface morphology and state and internal structure of electrode material. To date, no electrolyte can accomplish the ideal requirements of the SC device. The ionic conductivity of water-based electrolytes is high but has low energy density and power density, less stability, and leakage problems. On the other hand, organic electrolytes have high working potential but lack higher ionic conductivity compared to aqueous electrolytes, and the problem of leakage with safety concerns still remains. The solid-state electrolytes can overcome the concerns of liquid electrolytes. The chemical structure, reaction mechanism, and progress in electrolyte development occupy an important place for the fabrication of efficient and safety of SC devices [36].
Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Published in Prasanth Raghavan, Fatima M. J. Jabeen, Ceramic and Specialty Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices, 2021
Prasanth Raghavan, P. P. Abhijith, N. S. Jishnu, Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan, Akhila Das, Fatima M. J. Jabeen, Jou-Hyeon Ahn
Solid-state electrolytes can address the aforementioned concerns on capacity losses, life cycle, operating temperatures, safety, and the reliability of organic liquid as well as gel electrolytes [4, 5]. In addition, they present advantages such as the simplicity of design, the absence of leakage and pollution, and better resistance to shocks and vibrations compared with organic liquid electrolytes [6-8]. The search for solid electrolyte materials with improved conductivity has been encouraged by the discovery of lithium nitride ( Li3N ) which was discovered in the 1970s (Figure 2.3), and has a very high conductivity of 6 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature. Following lithium nitride, different classes of lithium-ion conductors including the lithium superionic conductor (LISICON) and thio-LISICON-type, garnet-type, perovskitetype, and sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-type lithium-ion conductors have been reported. This chapter discusses ionic conductivity, the electrochemical performance and structure of typical oxide-type electrolytes (perovskites and anti-perovskite lithium conductors) and sulfide-type lithium-ion conductors (LISICON and thio-LISICONs, Li10GeP2S12 [LGPS] family, argyrodites, layered sulfides), and demonstrates their thermal stability and applications in all solid-state lithium-metal batteries.
Emerging Applications of 2D Nanomaterials for Flexible Batteries (FBs)
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Energy Applications of 2D Nanomaterials, 2022
Solen Kinayyigit, Emre Bicer, Abdullah Uysal
Mixed valence states, shortened ion diffusion distance, abundant active sites, and high redox activities in intercalation reactions make transition metal oxides (TMOs) ideal candidates for high-energy flexible electrodes. TMOs also have the ability to accommodate large ions such as sodium or potassium due to their high interlayer spacing distance and substantial lattice expansion [32]. It enables the advance of alternative rechargeable FBs beyond lithium chemistry. Mn-, Zn-, Fe-, Ni-, and Co-based oxides are the most investigated 2D active materials in FBs. To eliminate TMOs’ irreversible restacking and aggregation tendencies, Zeng et al. developed binder-free anodes for Na/K storage in the form of sandwiched structured self-standing, flexible films by transforming 2D MXene (Ti3C2Tx) phase into sodium titanate (NTO)/potassium titanate integrated with graphene layers (Figure 18.3a) [33]. The ultrathin sandwiched structure of the few layered nanosheets was clearly observed in the HRTEM images (Figure 18.3c). Binder-free NTO/rGO anode with low working voltage exhibited a promising rate and cycling performance with 72 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 10,000 cycles. Long-term stability showed that graphene layers successfully buffered the expansion of Ti3C2Tx lattice in the sandwiched structure. Although initial discharge capacity was 1,280 mAh g−1, it lost 74% of its capacity at the first discharge cycle because of irreversible reactions and high amount of SEI formation [33]. New generation solid-state electrolytes may boost the cycling performance of this unique design.
The use of fibre reinforced polymer composites for construction of structural supercapacitors: a review
Published in Advanced Composite Materials, 2023
Jayani Anurangi, Madhubhashitha Herath, Dona T.L. Galhena, Jayantha Epaarachchi
Perhaps the greatest challenge of developing an SSC is the development of a multifunctional matrix/ structural electrolyte which simultaneously acts as the electrolyte which provides ionic conductivity and as the structural matrix which binds the load-bearing fibre electrodes. Therefore, many researchers have given considerable attention to the development of structural electrolytes by using various techniques. In the recent past, many attempts have been devoted to the development of solid and quasi solid-state electrolytes by mixing certain industrial polymers such as epoxy, polyester, and vinyl ester with various additives such as ionic liquids, inorganic salts, and conductive metals. Generally, solid and gel electrolyte-based supercapacitors have a relatively low specific capacitance and low energy density compared to liquid-state electrolytes. However, solid and gel electrolytes have some advantages over liquid electrolytes. For instance, problems such as leakage [2], corrosion, and explosion can be eliminated [65] while the total cell volume is reduced [66].