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Batteries
Published in S. Bobby Rauf, Electrical Engineering for Non-Electrical Engineers, 2021
Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used as rechargeable batteries in consumer electronics and other common electric applications. Some of the strengths of Li-Ion batteries are as follows: They offer high energy density (Wh/L, or Watt-hours per Liter of volume). The concept of energy density is explained later in this chapter. For now, note that higher energy intensities are more desirable, in that, high energy density batteries deliver more energy while occupying less space. Note that a battery that contains more energy can perform more work before it needs recharging. In other words, a high energy density will operate those consumer electronics longer between charges while occupying less space—thus allowing those consumer electronics to be more compact in size.The memory effect is insignificant. In other words, the recharging performance of Li-Ion battery is relatively independent of the magnitude and profile of discharging.They exhibit low self-discharge. Self-discharge is the non-work producing energy discharge that occurs while the battery is not in use.
Batteries and Capacitors as Energy Storage Devices
Published in S. Bobby Rauf, Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, 2020
Lithium–ion batteries are commonly used as rechargeable batteries in consumer electronics and other common electric applications. Some of the strengths of Li–ion batteries are as follows: They offer high energy density (Wh/L, or Watt-hours per liter of volume). The concept of energy density is explained later in this chapter. For now, note that higher energy intensities are more desirable, in that, high energy density batteries deliver more energy while occupying less space. Note that a battery that contains more energy can perform more work before it needs recharging. In other words, a high energy density will operate those consumer electronics longer between charges while occupying less space, thus allowing those consumer electronics to be more compact in size.The memory effect is insignificant. In other words, the recharging performance of Li–ion battery is relatively independent of the magnitude and profile of discharging.They exhibit low self-discharge. Self-discharge is the non-work producing energy discharge that occurs while the battery is not in use.
Electrochemical Reaction Mechanism in Sodium Ion Batteries
Published in Ranjusha Rajagopalan, Lei Zhang, Advanced Materials for Sodium Ion Storage, 2019
Ranjusha Rajagopalan, Lei Zhang
Self-Discharge: This is a restorable capacity loss, due to the internal chemical reactions happening in the battery without any external connection (however, comparable to the application of a small external load) between the anode and cathode terminals, even when the cell simply sits on the shelf (thus causes decrease in shelf-life of the batteries). In general, it describes the percentage of rated capacity diminished per month at a specified temperature. In detail, this phenomenon is just like a normal chemical reaction (closed circuit discharge) in batteries. It is believed that for batteries like LIBs and SIBs, the rate of self-discharge will get reduced over time due to the formation of a passivation layer at the electrodes after some time. At elevated temperatures, the rate of self-discharge will be more, thus it is advisable to store the battery at lower temperatures. Apart from the ambient temperature, the rate/fastness of the self-discharge is dependent on multiple factors, such as, battery type/chemistry, SOC, charging current/mode, etc. In general, the rechargeable (secondary) batteries have higher self-discharge rate than the non-rechargeable (primary) batteries.
Design and development of battery management system (BMS) using hybrid multilevel converter
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
M. Kokila, P. Manimekalai, V. Indragandhi
The lead-acid battery can supply 2.12–2.15 V per cell. The six cells are connected in a series to obtain 12 V at 100% SOC. Batteries, after storage for long periods, will eventually lose their charge because of internal self-discharge. The self-discharge rate varies with battery type, age and temperature. The battery should be discharged at the rated nominal current and the discharging rate is maintained constant. When the state of charge of the battery reaches 20%, then the discharging should be stopped. If the battery is overdischarged, then the sulphuric acid electrolyte can be depleted of the sulphate ion and becomes essentially water. The deficiency of the sulphate ion will cause cell impedance to rise and the resistance there will be a barrier to current flow. In series connected batteries, the difference between terminal voltage and SOC will occur. If it continues, then overcharging and discharging take place, leading to voltage and SOC imbalance. This problem can be overcome by the proposed topology shown in Figure 7.
Smart networks of autonomous in-situ soil sensors
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2023
Xavier Chavanne, Jean-Pierre Frangi
Self-discharge of a battery corresponds to some dissipation in absence of external load, when battery is stored or during circuit deep sleep. In the case of fresh alkaline batteries self-discharge is estimated at 10% of capacity after 1 year and 15% after two years. In the case of Li-SOCl battery the loss is lower than 3% after 1 year, while for Li-ion battery loss is assessed at 1% every month (which a test during few months at room temperature seems to confirm). Self-discharge decreases with low temperature.