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Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Published in Prasanth Raghavan, Fatima M. J. Jabeen, Ceramic and Specialty Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices, 2021
Prasanth Raghavan, P. P. Abhijith, N. S. Jishnu, Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan, Akhila Das, Fatima M. J. Jabeen, Jou-Hyeon Ahn
The state-of-the-art electrolyte used in lithium-ion batteries is the organic liquid electrolyte, which is simply a solution of a suitable lithium salt ( LiPF6 , lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [LiTFSI], LiClO4 , etc.) in an aprotic solvent (ethylene carbonate [EC], dimethyl carbonate [DMC], propylene carbonate [PC], ethyl methyl carbonate [EMC], etc.). These liquid electrolytes show good conductivity (in the order of 10−2 to 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature); however, they suffer from electrochemical stability issues due to the narrow electrochemical window, and thermal stability issues due to their low flashpoint below 30°C. Electrolyte leakage, inferior cycling stability, rate capability, growth of dendrites, and associated thermal runway are some of the other concerns related to organic liquid electrolytes. Accordingly, the development of an electrolyte with a wider electrochemical window and improved thermal safety properties has become one of the most promising avenues for improving the safety and electrochemical properties of Li-ion batteries. Also, the all-solid-state battery, comprising only solid-state electrolytes, provides good safety in heavy-duty lithium-ion batteries and lithium-metal batteries in electric vehicles and stationary power sources. Also, solid electrolytes with sufficient stiffness can suppress the growth of lithium-metal dendrites during cycling [1]. Hence, lithium-ion conducting inorganic solid electrolytes are a promising candidate for the fabrication of all-solid-state batteries; however, even though they have a wide electrochemical window (>5 V) and excellent safety and shelf life, most solid-state electrolytes suffer from low room temperature ionic conductivity which prevents them from being used in practical applications.
Perspective on Battery Research
Published in Ming-Fa Lin, Wen-Dung Hsu, Green Energy Materials Handbook, 2019
Ralph Nicolai Nasara, Chai-Hao Tu, Shih-Kang Lin
As mentioned above, the recent developments and trend for LIBs will shift to the all-solid-state battery (ASSB), since the inorganic solid electrolyte has safer properties in the application of EVs in the future. Besides, the all-solid-state battery has been proposed and researched as a potential energy storage device achieving high energy and high power densities simultaneously due to some intrinsic characteristics of solid electrolytes by using lithium metal as the anode. However, despite the expected advantages of ASSBs, their power characteristics and energy densities still need to be improved for EVs in the future. There are two main challenges; one is the conductivity of the solid electrolyte, and the other is the interface between electrode and electrolyte. For the former one, most researchers have introduced a metal dopant into the matrix materials, enhancing the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte. For example, the conductivity of Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) can be increased from 10−6 to 10−3 by introducing Al3+ [52–55], Ga3+ [56], Ta5+ [57, 58], Nb5+ [55, 59], and so on, stabilizing the structure as cubic phase instead of tetragonal phase because the cubic LLZO has lower conductivity. A dopant, such as Al3+, will crest two Li vacancies and result in the stoichiometry of Li7-xAlxLa3Zr2O12 (LLZO). As shown in Figure 17.6 [60], LISICON-like structure and argyrodite structure have the highest conductivity, but these sulfide-based compounds are not stable as oxide-based compounds and thus are having a problem in mass production. And sulfide-based compounds should be handled very carefully to prevent safety hazards from the poisonous by-product. LLZO has a lower conductivity but is highlighted by its excellent thermal performance and wide electrochemical potential window.
Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Fossil Free Sustainable Enterprise
Published in Amina Omrane, Khalil Kassmi, Muhammad Wasim Akram, Ashish Khanna, Md Imtiaz Mostafiz, Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Renewable Energy-Based Projects, and Digitalization, 2020
How energy can be stored is one of those life-changing questions to ask yourself today. In view of the Paris Agreement’s long-term goal to keep the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, the International Energy Association (IEA) estimated that the world needs to increase the 176.5 GW of energy storage in 2017 to 266 GW by 2030. In a renewable energy world that sees energy storage technologies at center-stage, market players and policy makers are increasingly turning their attention to electrical energy storage technologies, and researchers and engineers cannot overlook the need for increased flexibility, a game where such technologies are attractive to power generators on account of the increased overall utilization of power system assets and which translate into higher average revenues and a low(er) risk of overcapacity. Climate change mitigation and energy storage solutions such as these address the issues of solar and wind power intermittency, capacity, and resilience of energy grids while making the grid more responsive, and at times responding quickly to large fluctuations, and most importantly, reducing the need to build backup power plants. Electrical energy storage technologies are broadly classified into:Mechanical: (i) a pumped hydro sorage system (PHS); (ii) compressed air energy storage (CAES), and (iii) a flywheel (FES).Electrochemical: (i) a secondary battery in the form of a lead-acid battery/NaS/Li-ion battery, (ii) a flow battery with Redox flow/hybrid flow, and (iii) solid-state battery technology.Electrical: (i) a (super) capacitor, and (ii) superconducting magnetic-SMES.Thermochemical: solar fuels, solar hydrogen.Chemical: hydrogen/fuel cell/electrolyzer.Thermal: sensible/latent heat storage, including molten salt.
Development of oxide-based all-solid-state batteries using aerosol deposition
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2023
Miyuki Sakakura, Yasutoshi Iriyama
It is possible to fabricate similar composite electrodes using other electrode materials. An example is LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNM), a 5 V-class cathode active material [30]. Figure 4(a) shows the SEM image of the LNM mother powder, while Figure 4(b) shows the cross-sectional SEM image of the composite electrode. The LNM was a spinel-structured material and the mother powder showed facet on the surface. The LATP-dispersed LNM particles were sprayed onto the Pt substrate to form the LNM–LATP composite electrode; however, the Pt substrate surface became extremely deformed. When solid electrolyte sheets were used as substrates, the sheets cracked. Although the particle diameters of the mother powders were similar, the substrate deformation properties and the damage to the substrates differed according to the powder species. It is believed that the LNM particles were formed as highly crystalline primally particles and subsequently deformation supplied a large amount of energy to the substrate. The LNM–LATP composite electrode with a thickness of ca. 10 μm (Figure 4(c)) was combined with a lithium phosphorus oxynitride glass electrolyte (LiPON) and Li (negative electrode) to prepare a 5 V-class all-solid-state battery. Operating at 100°C, the Ox-SSBs delivered a discharge capacity of 100 mAh g−1 at 10 μA cm2. Although the charge–discharge reactions were repeated (Figure 4(d)), the capacity degraded with the repetition of cycles. No degradation occurred in the thin-film-type SSB using an LNM thin film with a thickness of ca. 30 nm [31], although the charge–discharge reactions were repeated over a wider potential range at the same temperature. After the charge–discharge reaction, the LNM–LATP composite electrode was extremely brittle. The volume change of NMC is almost 0% during the charge–discharge reactions shown in Figure 2(b) [32], whereas that of LNM is ca. 6.5% (Figure 3(b)) [33]. One reason for the difference in stability between these two electrodes will be the difference in volume change during the charge–discharge reactions. Therefore, the electrode volume change is an important factor for stable charge–discharge properties in Ox-SSBs [20].
Optical, surface, and microstructural properties of Li4Ti5O12 thin films coated by RF magnetron sputtering
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2018
H. Hakan Yudar, Suat Pat, Şadan Korkmaz, Soner Özen, Zerrin Pat
During the past century, energy has been produced by fossil fuels for the development of our industry, economy, and modern conveniences. Therefore, battery systems have been begun to develop for storing of extra produced energy. As a solution to this problem, the traditional lithium-ion battery system (LIBs) is developed. For the high security and energy storage, the developed battery is thought to have important long cycle life and good rate performance. The batteries have been applied in various portable equipment, electric and hybrid vehicles (Nitta et al. 2015). However, the traditional battery systems are not sufficient to meet the growing storage demands of the modern power system. In addition, the systems is unsafe and have short cycle life and low power density. Thus, recently, the search for battery systems has become important with high power density (Li et al. 2015), long cycle life (Li et al. 2015), and good safety (Jung et al. 2015) features. To solve such problems, it focuses on the development of solid state thin film battery systems. The electrode layer of the solid-state battery (SSB) is essential for the battery system. Lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12) has recently attracted considerable attention as an anode material for SSB. Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) has been regarded as an important alternative to anode materials for solid state batteries over recent years due to its long cycle life (Yao et al. 2011), thermal stability (Baba, Okada, and Yamaki 2002), excellent cycling performance (Tang et al. 2012), superior capacity retention (Choi and Manthiram 2006), and safety (Doughty and Roth 2012). At the same time, the LTO material is used for the production of electrochromic (EC) devices (Yu et al. 2010). Other EC materials used to produce devices are WO3, NiO, TiO2, and V2O5 (Wruck and Rubin 1993; Ahn et al. 2002; Sorar et al. 2013; Tong et al. 2015). The EC devices are called as smart technology. The devices are used for applications such as a smart window, rearview mirrors, imaging, and electronic paper (Svensson and Granqvist 1984; Chen, Lv, and Yi 2012; Buch, Chawla, and Rawal 2016). LTO thin films are prepared by a few techniques, for example, sol–gel (Kuo et al. 2016), chemical vapor deposition (Ling et al. 2014), RF magnetron sputtering (RF) (Wang et al. 2005), thermionic vacuum arc (TVA) (Pat et al. 2016), spray drying (Liu et al. 2015), hydrothermal (Hayashi, Nakamura, and Ebina 2014), molecular beam epitaxy (Lee et al. 2014), pulsed laser deposition (Oshima et al. 2015), vacuum evaporation (Muthukannan et al. 2016), electrodeposition (Wang et al. 2002), etc.