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Inorganic Chemicals in Drinking Water
Published in Joseph Cotruvo, Drinking Water Quality and Contaminants Guidebook, 2019
Boron is an element found in nature primarily as water soluble borates and condensed ions such as borax, sodium tetraborate, Na2B4O7 · 10H2O. Uses are in manufacture of glass, soaps, and detergent components and in flame retardants. Borax is a detergent booster that helps to soften hard water, disperse the detergent, improve rinsing, neutralize odors, provide some disinfection, and improve stain removal. Sodium perborate is stable and used in detergents as a mild oxygen bleaching agent. Production of borosilicate glass for insulation and heat stability are major uses. Boron compounds are essential for plant growth, but higher soil concentrations are herbicidal, and some are also registered pesticides for insects.
Household and Personal Care Products: Cleaning up and Looking Good
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Many laundry detergents contain a bleaching agent, usually sodium perborate, which functions by release of hydrogen peroxide. However, at lower wash temperatures, <60°C, hydrogen peroxide is not a very effective bleach. Low-temperature conditions require “activators” that react with the hydrogen peroxide to form more active bleaches. Two of the most common are tetraacetyl ethylenediamine and nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate. Both of these compounds act as acylating agents forming peroxy acids, which are more reactive than hydrogen peroxide at the lower temperatures. A limiting property of a bleach is the extent of attack of dyes and other potential susceptible compounds.6
Response Surface Designs
Published in John Lawson, Design and Analysis of Experiments with R, 2014
Dry bleach products that are safe for colored fabrics consist of sodium perborate in combination with an activator that enhances the bleaching ability of perborate in low-temperature wash water. Response surface experiments were run to determine the optimal ratio of a new activator-to-perborate and the amount of perborate in a dry bleach product. The three factors in the study were the wash temperature, the ratio of activator to perborate, and the amount of perborate (measured in PPM of active oxygen). The range of the three factors studied were 70 ≤Temp≤ 140, 0.5 ≤Ratio≤ 1.5, and 5.0 ≤AOPPM≤ 65.0. The response was the percent tea stain removal.
Preparation and properties of metakaolin-based porous geopolymer formed with sodium perborate
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2022
Sasijuta Wattanarach, Sitthisuntorn Supothina, Parjaree Thavorniti
Sodium perborate (NaH2BO4) is a chemical salt, which is generally used in the laundry detergent and cleaning products. NaH2BO4 is more stable and easier to handle than H2O2. It can be used for the same purpose as H2O2 [29,30], and it has been recently reported as a new effective foaming agent for producing porous geopolymers because the use of NaH2BO4 foaming agent showed lower cost to thermal resistance ratio than the use of H2O2 [31]. Thus, NaH2BO4 should be a choice for foaming agent in the manufacturing of porous geopolymer.