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Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Biodiesel
Published in Anand Ramanathan, Babu Dharmalingam, Vinoth Thangarasu, Advances in Clean Energy, 2020
Anand Ramanathan, Babu Dharmalingam, Vinoth Thangarasu
The saponification value is the required quantity of alkali to saponify a definite amount of oil or fat. The titration method of ASTM D1962 standard was used for calculation of the saponification value of biodiesel and oil samples. A unit gram of sample fat was used in the beaker for testing, which was then dissolved with ethanol solvent of 10 mL. In addition, the combination of the oil and the solvent was quantitatively discharged into ethanolic solution of 25 mL and KOH of 0.5 normality, and the result was labeled as the test sample. Another plain sample was prepared with the same procedure without any addition of sample fat. Both the test and plain samples are taken and fitted to the reflux condenser, thereby heating them for 30 min at the temperature of boiling water. After this method, the samples were cooled to reach room temperature. Eventually, a measure of 2–3 decreases of phenolphthalein was mixed to both samples and titration was done against 0.5 N hydrochloric acid (Thangarasu and Anand 2019). The following equation was used to estimate the saponification value. Saponificationvalue=MW×N×(Vplain−Vtest)w
Symplocos Paniculata (Sapphire Berry): A Woody And Energy-Efficient Oil Plant
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Susmitha S. Nambuthiri, Richard Koech, Technological Interventions in Management of Irrigated Agriculture, 2018
Qiang Liu, Youping Sun, Jingzheng Chen, Peiwang Li, Genhua Niu, Changzhu Li, Lijuan Jiang
The physicochemical properties are identification indexes of oil quality and they play a vital role in biodiesel production17. The physicochemical properties of several woody oil plant species have been identified in Table 11.2.17 Acid value is a measure of the amount of carboxylic acid groups in fatty acid. The acid value of S. paniculata oil is 18.59 mg of KOH per gram, which is higher than that of other oil plant species listed in the table. The iodine value is an index for the amount of unsaturation in fatty acids. The iodine value of S. paniculata oil is 71.93 g per 100 g, which is 25% lower than peanut oil. Saponification value is a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present. S. paniculata oil has a saponification value of 152.22 mg of KOH per gram. It is comparable to Sapium sebiferum and Styrax tonkinesis oil and lower than peanut oil. Pretreatment processes are needed to improve the oil quality for biodiesel production, and the acid value of the S. paniculata oil should especially be reduced before transesterification.
Cold Rolling Lubrication
Published in William L. Roberts, Cold Rolling of Steel, 2017
The melting or pour point is important in that an oil that is fluid at ambient temperatures is easier to handle in a recirculating system and provides easier “housecleaning” than one that is solid at such temperatures. In this respect, it should be noted that the titer or melting points of saturated acids are higher than those of unsaturated acids but they may be lowered by the addition of mineral oils. However, the lubricity afforded by mineral oils is distinctly poorer than that provided by fatty materials (see Section 6-7). Accordingly, the use of mineral oils to lower the pour point of a lubricant is accompanied by a degradation in rolling performance. To ensure effective hydrodynamic lubrication, the viscosity should be as high as possible and the viscosity index (which indicates the sensitivity of the viscosity to a change in temperature) should be as large as possible (indicating the least degree of sensitivity). The saponification value of fatty oils, such as glycerides, decreases with increasing molecular weight but, since mineral oils have a zero saponification value, if mineral oils are blended with the fatty oils, the saponification value is lowered and hence this parameter is only a quality indicator in a general sense. Similarly, the iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation of the fatty materials but it, too, is dependent on the molecular weights of the constituents of the oil. A high iodine value, however, indicative of the presence of unsaturated fatty compounds is, in general, undesirable because polyunsaturated acids readily polymerise into resinous substances and tend to become rancid as the result of oxidation. As discussed in Section 6-7, the importance of the free fatty acid content of a rolling oil is debatable but the ranges indicated for the substitute palm oils in Table 6-2 are typical of those found in many lubricants.
Pre-treatment of waste cooking oil by combined activated carbon adsorption and acid esterification for biodiesel synthesis via two-stage transesterification
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Siew Fan Wong, Angnes Ngieng Tze Tiong, Yun Huang Chin
Based on the biodiesel standards (ASTM 6751 and EN 14214), the maximum saponification value of biodiesel is 312 mg KOH/g. The results in Figure 9 indicate that the four sets of biodiesel samples produced in this study meet the biodiesel standard as their saponification values are well below the maximum limit. The saponification value depends on the molecular weight, the concentration of fatty acid components and the length of the fatty acid chains present in the biodiesel. This means that the lower the saponification value of biodiesel, the higher the molecular weight, the greater the concentration of fatty acid, and the longer chains of fatty acids are found in the biodiesel [22]. Therefore, the trend of the saponification value (Figure 9) corresponds to the trend of the total concentration of FAEE in biodiesel (Table 2). When the total concentration of FAEE is decreasing, the saponification value of biodiesel increases.
Investigation on seed oil chemistry of Bauhinia racemosa for the production of liquid biofuel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Kariyappa S. Katagi, Nikhil S. Kadam, Ravindra S. Munnolli, Sangeeta D. Benni
Saponification value is defined as milligrams of KOH acquired by 1 gm of oil to saponify. Saponification value of the oil varies inversely to its molecular weight. It is determined by titration method according to AOCS Cd 3–25. Iodine value is expressed as grams of iodine consumed by 100 gm of oil. It measures the degree of unsaturation content in an oil Katagi, Munnolli, and Hosamani (2011). Higher IV causes chemical instability, since the double bonds are quite reactive hence readily undergo oxidation. The EN14214 specification limits IV to 120 g of I2/100 g of oil Knothe (2005). The IV is determined in accordance to AOCS Cd 1–25. The SV and IV of BRSO are found to be 202 mg KOH/g oil and 72 g I2/ 100 g of oil, respectively, results are shown in Table 1.
Effect of natural, accelerated and saturated salt accelerated aging on the Jatropha curcas L. seeds in optimizing the yield of seed oil as feedstock for biodiesel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Antony Suresh, Nikita Shah, Mansi Kotecha, Pushpa Robin
Saponification value of Jatropha curcas L. seed oil revealed a gradual increase during storage. From NA15m to NA24m a significant increase (p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.001) was observed (Figure 3a). A similar kind of increase was also found in AA5d to AA15d and SSAA5d to SSAA15d (p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.001) (Figure 3b–c). A half-yearly analysis of the saponification value shows no significant increase from 6 months to 12 months, from 12 months to 18 months, and from 18 months to 24 months of natural aging. Yearly analysis too showed no significant change (Figure 3a). As regards the saponification value concerned, 1 day of accelerated aging and 3 days of saturated salt accelerated aging brought about the same effect as found in 6 months of natural aging. Similarly, 3 and 7 days of AA and 4 and 7 days of SSAA were corresponding to 12 and 24 months of natural aging, respectively (Table 4). The high proportion of lower fatty acids in any oil is indicated by a higher saponification value for saponification value is inversely proportional to the average molecular weight of total fatty acids present (Muhammad et al. 2011). In the present study, the increase in the saponification value might be due to aging treatment which brought about the oxidation leading to bond breakage of long chain fatty acids in the oil. Jatropha curcas L. oil with high saponification value is not a very good candidate for biodiesel production as it would lead to soap formation (Abdulhamid et al. 2013). Similar kind of results was also observed in cotton seeds during storage and accelerated aging (Iqbal et al. 2002).