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Introduction
Published in Deepak Gusain, Faizal Bux, Batch Adsorption Process of Metals and Anions for Remediation of Contaminated Water, 2021
Deepak Gusain, Shikha Dubey, Yogesh Chandra Sharma, Faizal Bux
Batch adsorption process in most of the studies is conducted in an Erlenmeyer flask or reagent bottles. Agitation is carried out in a temperature-controlled water bath shaker or orbital shaker. First, a requisite amount of the adsorbent is weighed and put into the reagent bottle. The temperature of the adsorbate solution and the water bath should be the same to minimize any energy exchange due to temperature difference. Thin-walled bottles are more prone to energy transfer than thick-walled reagent bottles. The adsorbate solution setup at the requisite temperature is then poured into the reagent bottle containing the adsorbent. The solution is then stirred for the requisite time or until equilibrium time is achieved. The adsorbent is then separated from the aqueous solution by filtration or centrifugation process. The solution is then analyzed for adsorbate concentration. The adsorbent post adsorption can then be regenerated by desorbing agents for reuse. The detailed batch adsorption process is illustrated in Figure 1.1.
Tracers
Published in Werner Käss, Tracing Technique in Geohydrology, 2018
Let the spore mixture swell overnight. It is then slowly heated to 70°C with continuous stirring on a magnetic stirrer with a hotplate and kept at this temperature for another ¾ hour while still being stirred. The treated beaker is then removed from the hotplate and the second beaker prepared in the same manner. The still warm contents from the first beaker are added to a Büchner funnel with a 240 mm inner diameter with a round filter paper that is placed on a 10-1-filter flask. The spore mixture is suctioned off and then rinsed with approx. 101 of warm water. The mixture must be suctioned dry for ¼ of an hour. Then the spore pulp is placed in a 5-1-beaker for the dyeing process. To dye 1 kg of spores, 2 g of pyronin GY are dissolved in 41 water. To ensure that the dye is completely dissolved, it must be stirred for a long time in a 5-1-conical shoulder reagent bottle. The dye solution is then poured evenly in the two 5-1-beakers with the degreased and suctioned dry spore mixtures. While stirring, the mixtures are heated to 70°C and then left to cool overnight. The next day, the mixtures are again slightly heated, filtered through a Büchner funnel and then each rinsed with 101 of warm water. Then the spore pulp is placed on aluminium dishes to dry in the drying oven at 70°C for 2–3 days.
Particle Fallout Container Measurement of Dustfall from the Atmosphere
Published in James P. Lodge, Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, 2017
Place the container in its stand and remove the cover. Place the cover in a protective bag and store it until the container is retrieved from the field. Pour 0.2 to 1.0 L of water (which may contain algicide or antifreeze as specified in Sections 6.3 and 6.4) into the container. The amount of this liquid should be sufficient to prevent evaporation over the sampling period, but not so great that the container will overflow after receiving a normal amount of precipitation. Measure this volume of liquid with a graduated cylinder and record it on the ID label. It is often convenient to pre-measure this liquid in the laboratory and to transport it to the field in a reagent bottle. Place the gummed data label on the side of the container and assign an identification label to the sample. Note the sampling site, date, and start time of dustfall sampling on the label. The standard sampling interval is 30 ± 2 days. After completion of the sampling interval, note the removal date and time on the ID label. Record any observations, such as nearby emissions activities, the presence of insects, bird droppings, or other unusual material in the container, algae formation, and freezing, on the label. Securely place the lid on the container and return it to the laboratory.
Improving the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete with graphene
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2023
For this research, the graphene flakes were dispersed in 1 L liquid by dedicated technicians experienced in making graphene solution. The dispersion procedure is as follows: The desired amounts of graphene and polycarboxylate superplasticiser (SP) were mixed with 50–100 mL of water, depending on the weight of the composition. SP ensures uniform dispersion of graphene particles. The ratio of the graphene to superplasticiser is taken to be 2:1.The mix composition was then put in a magnetic stirrer for about 30 min.The mix was poured into the rest of water to give one litre of graphene solution by using a square hole shear mixer head for 30 min at 7600 revolution per minute (RPM).The entire mix composition was then incorporated into a glass reagent bottle for ultrasound process for 1 h in order to ensure uniform dispersion of the graphene as shown in Figure 4.
Anaerobic biodegradability test for Lantana camara to optimize the appropriate food to microorganism (F/M) ratio
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Biswanath Saha, Arun Sathyan, Ajay S. Kalamdhad, Meena Khwairakpam
The main objective of this study was the conversion of L.camara into methane and evaluate the best food to microorganism (F/M) ratio to find the appropriate combination between substrate and inoculum. Concentration and composition present in the substrate play major roles in anaerobic digestion [13]. Therefore, to improve methane production, the F/M ratio study is required. The biochemical methane potential is a key parameter for evaluation, economic and control issues for the complete processing of the anaerobic digestion process [14]. 1 L of reagent bottle was used as an anaerobic reactor. Cow dung was used as an inoculum source. Cow dung was the most efficient inoculum as compared to other cattle dungs [15]. Different F/M ratios were investigated from 1 to ratio 2.5. After identification, the appropriate F/M ratio study was carried out in a 20 L volume capacity batch reactor in which the working space was 1.5 L. This study indicated that biomass has the possibility to produce methane, which can be utilized for various purposes. Although lots of BMP studies were done [16–20], but no specific literature was found to optimize the appropriate F/M ratio for L. camara.
Simultaneously improving pretreatment and anaerobic acidification effects on corn stalk by low concentration of FeCl2 solution
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2018
Yina Qiao, Xuebin Lu, Shuting Zhang
The mesophilic seed sludge came from an anaerobic fermentation tank utilizing pig manure. Biological anaerobic acidification fermentation took place in two reagent bottles (numbered 1# and 2#). The hydrolysate which was obtained from 1 mg/L FeCl2 pretreatment optimum conditions was added in bottle 1#. The hydrolysis fluid by distilled water pretreatment was put into bottle 2# under the same temperature and time as bottle 1#. Regulating pH value was around 7.0 with a digital pH-meter (pHS-3C, China) before fermentation. The two bottles were placed in water bath shaker at 37 ± 1°C and sealed with a silicon-rubber stopper. The volume of each reagent bottle was 250 mL and the working volume was 200 mL. When the acidification fermentation began (t = 0), sludge concentration in the bottle was 4000 mg MLVSS/L and organic load was 1.0 g COD/g MLVSS (Lin and Cheng 2006; Lin et al. 2008). MLVSS was determined according to the Standard Methods (China, 2002).