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The Other Energy Markets
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
Some of these process are: Hydrothermal processing. is a chemical process where biomass can be processed in a liquid media (typically water) under pressure and at temperatures between 300–400°C. The reaction yields oils and residual solids that have a low water content, and a lower oxygen content than oils from fast pyrolysis. Upgrading of the so-called “bio-crude” is similar to that of pyrolysis oil.Pyrolysis oil can be produced by fast pyrolysis, a process involving rapidly heating the biomass to temperatures between 400–600°C, followed by rapid cooling. Through this process, thermally unstable biomass compounds are converted to a liquid product. The obtained pyrolysis-oil is more suitable for long-distance transport than for instance straw or wood-chips.
Other Feedstocks—Coal, Oil Shale, and Biomass
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Fast pyrolysis of biomass produces a liquid product, pyrolysis oil or bio-oil that can be readily stored and transported. Pyrolysis oil is a renewable liquid fuel and can also be used for production of chemicals. Fast pyrolysis has now achieved a commercial success for production of chemicals and is being actively developed for producing liquid fuels. Pyrolysis oil has been successfully tested in engines, turbines, and boilers, and been upgraded to high-quality hydrocarbon fuels. In the 1990s, several fast pyrolysis technologies reached near-commercial status and the yields and properties of the generated liquid product, bio-oil, depend on the feedstock, the process type and conditions, and the product collection efficiency.
Biomass Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis Oils
Published in Ozcan Konur, Biodiesel Fuels, 2021
Mullen et al. (2010) study pyrolysis oil and biochar production from corncobs and corn stover by fast pyrolysis using a pilot scale fluidized bed reactor in a paper with 340 citations. They obtain yields of 60% (mass/mass) pyrolysis oil (high heating values are about 20 MJ kg−1, and densities more than 1.0 Mg m−3) from both corncobs and from corn stover. The high energy density of pyrolysis oil, about 20–32 times on a per unit volume basis over the raw corn residues, offers potentially significant savings in transportation costs, particularly for a distributed ‘farm scale’ bio-refinery system. Biochar yield was 18.9 and 17.0% (mass/mass) from corncobs and corn stover, respectively.
Thermo-Chemical conversion of polyolefin-based facemask using bench-scale pyrolysis system
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Dhivakar Govindarajan, K. Sivagami, Indumathi M Nambi, Badri Narayan Ravikumar, Mathiyalagan Kumar, Samarshi Chakraborty, Rajasekhar Reddy
A percentage of higher carbon (79.1%), hydrogen (10.52%), minimal nitrogen (0.72%) and no sulfur (0%) were determined in oil, which indicates that it is suitable for use in combustion processes that produce low to no NOX and SOx emissions. The GCV of the oil was determined to be 43.7 MJ/kg using a bomb calorimeter. The density (50 kg/m3) and kinematic viscosity (1.93 cSt) of the obtained pyrolysis oil fall in the same range as that of diesel (Tat and Van Gerpen 1999). The high GCV of oil in the range of diesel fuel (42,000–45,00 kJ/kg) and below detection level sulfur content shows the ability of the oil to be blended with diesel for optimal usage. The direct application of oil is in boilers, furnaces, generators, and specifically for ships operating in sulfur emission control areas (SECAs) (Aramkitphotha et al. 2019) due to the below detection limit of sulfur content. Additionally, using pyrolysis oil could result in an overall reduction in carbon emission by 50–60% as against burning or incineration of the waste plastics (Russ et al. 2020).
A review on the production and physicochemical properties of renewable diesel and its comparison with biodiesel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Rashi Koul, Naveen Kumar, R.C Singh
Pyrolysis oil is the main product that is formed and can be converted into various additives to be used in fuel. If the residence time is longer, then the water content formed is more than the pyrolysis oil. Fast pyrolysis as shown in Table 1 gives a higher percentage of pyrolysis oil and a less percentage of water content. The calorific value of pyrolysis oil is more than its feedstock and is clean. However, its energy content is less than the petro-diesel and cannot properly mix in it. The other products formed like gas and char can be used. Due to the presence of some metals and minerals, pyrolysis oil contains more nitrogen and chlorine than sulfur. The hydrogen-to-carbon ratio lies in between the range of petrol and diesel that is 1:2 (Bulushev and Ross 2011). Due to some percentage of water, it has oxygen present in it which results in less stability and corrosive properties. However, its properties can be improvised in the presence of catalysts like zeolite as suggested by Gayubo et al. (2004) and Samolada, Papafotica, and Vasalos (2000) by increasing the porosity and decreasing the molecular weight. Czernik and French (2010) tested with around 40 catalysts in which ZSM-5 was improved by using Co, Fe, Ni, Ce, Ga, Cu, and Na metals and concluded that it deoxygenated the biomass better than the porous zeolites. It also gave the maximum percentage of HCs by around 16% by weight.
Slow pyrolysis of biomass: effects of effective hydrogen-to-carbon atomic ratio of biomass and reaction atmospheres
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Min Wang, Sheng-Li Zhang, Pei-Gao Duan
Over the past few decades, global energy consumption has sharply increased due to rapid development in both household and industrial activities (Energy and Climate Change 2015). The burning of large quantities of fossil fuels not only causes environmental pollution but also causes global warming. Thus, it is very urgent to search for renewable and pollution-free alternatives to substitute fossil fuel. Among all the potential alternatives, biomass has shown much promise due to its high production, low pollution, and zero carbon dioxide emission (Rostrup-Nielsen 2005). To date, biomass valorization has been realized in many ways, among which pyrolysis is one of the most commonly used methods (Mohan, Pittman, and Steele 2006). Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials in the absence of oxygen, utilizing biomass to produce a pyrolysis oil that is used as both an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. The yield and quality of the pyrolysis oil mainly depends on the pyrolysis operating parameters, such as reactor configuration (Fan et al. 2017), catalyst (Zarnegar 2018), heating rate (Demirbas 2009), temperature ((Suman and Gautam 2017), residence time (Hu et al. 2019; Zhou, Lei, and Julson 2013), biomass type (Fernández and Menéndez 2011), and particle size (Ogunkanmi et al. 2018). Pyrolysis processes can be categorized as slow or fast. Slow pyrolysis usually requires several hours to complete, with biochar as the main product. In contrast, fast pyrolysis only requires several seconds to complete, with bio-oil as the main product. Fast pyrolysis is currently the most widely used pyrolysis system; however, it also requires a very high heating rate, very short residence time, and finely ground feed.