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Extraction of Algal Neutral Lipids for Biofuel Production
Published in Ozcan Konur, Biodiesel Fuels Based on Edible and Nonedible Feedstocks, Wastes, and Algae, 2021
Saravanan Krishnan, Jaison Jeevanandam, Caleb Acquah, Michael K. Danquah
Fuel is generally considered as a chemical compound with the ability to oxidize under rapid combustion to release exothermal energy. The heat generated from the combustion of fuels is used as energy to run machines and vehicles, power plants, and produce electricity (Ritchie and Roser, 2017). Fossil fuels with hydrocarbons are the main source of fuel to generate energy for significant applications (Gerasimchuk et al., 2019). Solid fuels such as wood, coal, liquid fuels, including crude petrol, and natural gas as gaseous fuel are distinct types of fossil fuels (Theodosiou et al., 2007). Although these fuels generate potentially higher heat energy they contain N, free carbon, and sulfur as impurities, which affects their calorific value and causes hazardous effects to living organisms and adds to the greenhouse effect (Nyashina et al., 2018). This has led to the refinement of fossil fuels to produce synthetic fuels which are more efficient than the former due to the elimination of impurities and which are beneficial to meeting the growing demand for fuel (Maass and Mockel, 2020). Nevertheless, synthetic fuels also have a high carbon footprint and are detrimental to the environment due to their greenhouse effect (Artan et al., 2015; Hooftman et al., 2016). The emergence of alternative sources of energy such as solar, wind, and hydropower, which are renewable, has revealed green ways of meeting the ever-increasing energy demand; however, they are still not efficient compared to non-renewable fuels, resulting in the need for increased efficiency (Pirjola et al., 2019).
Biomass Sources
Published in Michael Frank Hordeski, Alternative Fuels—The Future of Hydrogen, 2020
The FT process converts carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Coal or biomass are gasified first, using intense heat and pressure to obtain the carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Synthetic fuels burn more cleanly, producing less emissions. The process is both capital- and energy-intensive, but as oil prices increase it could become competitive.
Alternative fuels and green aviation
Published in Emily S. Nelson, Dhanireddy R. Reddy, Green Aviation: Reduction of Environmental Impact Through Aircraft Technology and Alternative Fuels, 2018
The composition of the FT synthetic fuels can vary in hydrocarbon content, but they tend to peak at a slightly lower carbon number than petroleum-based fuels. They also have a small aromatics content. The primary advantages and disadvantages of such synthetic fuels relative to conventional fuels are listed:Advantages: cleaner burn; reduced carbon monoxide (CO), sulfuric gases (SOx), and particulate emissions; better thermal stability; and potentially carbon-neutralDisadvantages: lower energy density, poor lubricity, higher freeze point, higher viscosity, carbon capture and sequestration is required to be considered sustainable.
Transforming road freight transportation from fossils to hydrogen: Opportunities and challenges
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2023
Sandun Wanniarachchi, Kasun Hewage, Chan Wirasinghe, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Hirushie Karunathilake, Rehan Sadiq
Gasification is a thermos-chemical process where coal/biomass is reacted with oxygen and steam under high pressure to produce syngas, a mixture of CO, CO2, H2, and water vapor. Gasification could be combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to avoid GHG emissions produced during the process. High abundance and affordability of feedstock and the generation of low-cost synthetic fuel are major advantages of this process. However, high reactor costs, low system efficiencies, and high costs associated with CCS are major challenges that hinder the use of this technology for hydrogen fuel production for freight transport applications, where minimizing the transportation costs is essential in order to provide goods at an affordable price to the end consumers. Yet, the potential of this technology lies in its capacity to accommodate a variety of highly available feedstock types. If the system efficiencies improve and the technology costs reduce in the future, the prospects of this technology in hydrogen refueling supply chains can improve.
Performance, combustion and emission analysis of internal combustion engines fuelled with acetylene – a review
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Sumit Sharma, Dilip Sharma, Shyam Lal Soni, Digambar Singh, Amit Jhalani
A lot of alternative fuels are available for internal combustion engines like hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, acetylene, producer gas, vegetable oils, and alcohols etc.. Among these fuels, there has been a significant effort in the world to introduce alternative gaseous fuels and develop for the engine to replace conventional fuel by partial or fully replacement. Gaseous fuels can be obtained from renewable sources. Gaseous fuels are considered to be a good replacement of conventional fuels, because of their good mixing characteristics with air. Among these, use of hydrogen, LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), CNG (Compressed Natural Gas), Acetylene, biogas, etc. as internal combustion source in the engine could be a most suitable field to research as an alternative source of fuel and can be used as the synthetic fuel for agriculture, power generation and transportation (Barik and Murugan 2014; Sharma, Kuinkel, et al. 2012).
Assessing the aggregated environmental benefits from by-product and utility synergies in the Swedish biofuel industry
Published in Biofuels, 2020
Michael Martin, Elisabeth Wetterlund, Roman Hackl, Kristina M. Holmgren, Philip Peck
For future biofuel production processes that are not yet in operation at full scale, an initial literature review of technological pathways was performed. The scope was limited to technologies that have reached pilot or demonstration scale and where plans for actual commercial operation either exist or have existed in Sweden. This includes synthetic fuels based on biomass gasification, as well as ethanol via hydrolysis and fermentation of cellulosic or waste feedstocks. Biofuels based on deoxygenation of bio-oils produced from e.g. lignin or through biomass liquefaction were excluded, since no concrete commercial plans could be identified.3 The amounts of by-products, utilities and services were estimated using a combination of data from pilot/demonstration plant operation obtained by personal communication with developers and producers, and literature data for modeled up-scaled and optimized processes (Step 2 in Figure 1). Further information can be found in Supplementary material A.