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The Environment Today
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Power Generation and the Environment, 2021
Tanks for petroleum products storage are chosen according to the flash point of the substance. Liquid fuels in refineries are usually stored in fixed roof tanks, and floating roof tanks. Fixed roof tanks are meant for liquids with very high flash points, (e.g. fuel oil, water, bitumen etc.) Cone roofs, dome roofs and umbrella roofs are usual. These are insulated to prevent the clogging of certain materials, wherein steam coils within the tanks provide the heat. Dome roof tanks are meant for tanks having slightly higher storage pressure than that of atmosphere (e.g. slop oil).Floating roof tanks are broadly divided into external floating roof tanks, usually called floating roof tanks, and internal floating roof types. these tanks are used for liquids with low flashpoints (e.g. ATF, MS. gasoline, ethanol). These tanks are a type of a cone roof tanks with a floating roof inside which travels up and down along with the liquid level. This floating roof traps the vapor from low flashpoint fuels. Floating roofs are supported with legs or cables on which they rest.
Heat Treatment Furnaces
Published in Bankim Chandra Ray, Rajesh Kumar Prusty, Deepak Nayak, Phase Transformations and Heat Treatments of Steels, 2020
Bankim Chandra Ray, Rajesh Kumar Prusty, Deepak Nayak
Based on the sources of heat, the furnaces can be classified as fuel-fired furnaces and electrically heated furnaces. The choice of the right fuel depends on the availability and cost of fuel. Depending on the type of fuel, the fuel-fired furnaces can be further classified as solid fuels, liquid fuels, and gaseous fuels. Commonly used solid fuels are coal, pulverized coal, and coke. The advantage of using coal as a solid fuel is its cheap availability, although smoke and lack of temperature control are associated with it as limitations. The problem of smoke can be avoided by using coke since it is less volatile and has a calorific value less than that of coal. Among liquid fuels, fuel oil, gasoline, and kerosene are typically used. These liquid fuels can be easily stored and fired at any time, but they are not being used nowadays due to their high cost. Nevertheless, oil-fired furnaces are used where a high temperature (>1000°C) is required. A heat circulation arrangement is necessary for such types of furnaces, as the temperature inside the furnace is not uniform, and hence, these are not economical. On the other hand, gas-fired furnaces are economical and have specific advantages over other furnaces. They possess better control of temperature, have a simpler design, and can be used up to 1500°C. Some examples of gaseous fuels are natural gas, coal gas, producer gas, cracked oil gas, and refinery gas.
Biofilms in Oil Bioremediation
Published in Y.V. Nancharaiah, Vayalam P. Venugopalan, Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation and Wastewater Treatment, 2019
Debdeep Dasgupta, Tapas K. Sengupta
Oil refineries generally blend various solid waste feed-stocks with appropriate additives for providing short term storage and transfer by trucks, barges, product ships and railcars. However, the liquid fuels after refining, such as automotive and aviation grades of petrol, kerosene, various aviation turbine fuels and diesel fuels, lubricants such as motor oil, greases and machine oil are generally shipped by barge, rail, tanker ship, etc. Accidental spillages and leaks occur during production, transport and storage of petroleum goods. Recent data suggests natural oil seepage of 600,000 metric tons per year, with a sharp rise of 200,000 metric tons every year (Kvenvolden and Cooper 2003). One of the major causes of soil and water pollution is the oil and hydrocarbon spillage by human activities or by accidental means during transportation (Holliger et al. 1997). Water contamination with petroleum results in extensive damage, since the accumulation of toxic hydrocarbons may cause death or mutation in plant or animal tissues (Alvarez and Vogel 1991). The technology commonly used for remediation of oil spillage is by physical, chemical and biological means (Figure 2). However, the first two processes are expensive and time consuming.
Studies on the use of orange peel oil and ethanol in an unmodified agricultural diesel engine
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Amar Deep, Rakesh Kumar, Naveen Kumar
Energy is a crucial input for socio-economic development focused on growth, equity, and human well-being. The energy strategy of a country aims at both efficiency and security while providing access towards environment-friendly and achievement of an optimum mix of primary resources for energy generation. However, conventional or fossil fuel resources are limited, non-renewable, polluting, and, therefore, need to be used prudently. On the other hand, renewable energy resources are indigenous, non-polluting, and virtually inexhaustible (IEP 2018). For a developing economy like India, the wide gap between consumption and production of fossil fuels is decreasing at a steady rate which is further expected to reach about 3% by 2040 leading to a large decline in total energy imports of the country. Also, Renewable energy consumption in India has improved substantially which rose by a total of 19% in progress from 2016 to 2017 (BP 2017). Liquid fuels such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and fuel oil will remain the energy of choice for most types of transportation for their unique combination of affordability, availability, portability, and high energy density.
Experimental investigations on the stabilization of lifted kerosene spray flames with coflow air
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2018
Umesh Potdar, Omkar Pawar, Raghav Sikka, Sudarshan Kumar
Liquid fuel caters to the majority of the energy needs of the world as it is used in most combustion applications such as power generation, transport, domestic, and industrial applications due to its higher energy storage capacity per unit volume. Liquid fuel combustion is significantly different than gaseous fuels as liquid fuel is not readily available in the vapor form for combustion, when it is injected from a nozzle/atomizer. Liquid fuel is injected in the form of a fine spray to increase the surface area to enable its faster vaporization, resulting in increased combustion efficiency. Additional supply of air is required to form the combustible mixture near the nozzle exit, known as coflow air in various combustion systems. To improve the combustion efficiency and overall performance of a combustor with reduced emissions, detailed study of the spray combustion process in the presence of coflow air is necessary. Spray formation in this process plays an important role and significantly affects the stability of a lifted spray flame (Lefebvre, 1989; Marley et al., 2004a).
Characteristics of Dimethyl Ether Oxidation in a Preheated Pt-γ-Al2O3 Catalytic Reactor
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2021
Chih-Yung Wu, Wan-Ching Yu, Ching-Ching Cheng
Dimethyl ether is a potentially clean and renewable liquid fuel. Liquid fuels are the densest way known to store and transport chemical energy at a considerable scale economically. It has been known that hydrogen and carbon monoxide can react to produce methanol via a suitable catalyst. Methanol can also be further dehydrated to produce dimethyl ether (Lee et al. 2009; Tokay, Dogu, Dogu 2012). Moreover, the direct synthesis of dimethyl ether has also been reported (Allahyari, Haghighi, Ebadi 2015). Dimethyl ether can be compressed into liquid form and supplied in pressurized steel vessels for transportation. Dimethyl ether can not only be used as a substitute for LPG in domestic (Marchionna et al. 2008) and industrial applications (Lee et al. 2008) but can also be used as a feasible alternative fuel in diesel engines with a high Cetane number (55) (Gross and Kong 2013; Arcoumanis et al. 2008). The properties of dimethyl ether are similar to those of propane, but dimethyl ether contains an oxygen atom in its short carbon chain compound leading to lower NOx, CO, and PM emissions (Kang et al. 2014, Ji et al. 2011; Golovitchev, Bergman, Montorsi 2007). Even though dimethyl ether is produced from fossil fuel currently, it can also be manufactured from syngas produced from lignocellulosic biomass through thermochemical processes including fast pyrolysis (Bridgwater and Peacocke 2000; Yang, Wu, Wu 2014), gasification (Kihedu, Yoshiie, Naruse 2016), and torrefaction (Anca-Couce and Obernberge 2016). Hence, dimethyl ether can be regarded as a green bio-based energy carrier suitable for heating and power generation. As an alternative fuel, the research for the oxidation behavior of DME was still necessary.