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Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis from Palm Oil Biomass
Published in Aidé Sáenz-Galindo, Adali Oliva Castañeda-Facio, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera, Green Chemistry and Applications, 2020
Raja Safazliana Raja Sulong, Seri Elyanie Zulkifli, Fatimatul Zaharah Abas, Muhammad Fakhrul Syukri Abd Aziz, Zainul Akmar Zakaria
Pyroligneous Acid (PA) known as pyrolysis liquid or wood vinegar can be obtained by condensing the smoke produced during pyrolysis heating process of plant biomass in the absence of oxygen. It generally consists of 80–90% of water and 10–20% organic compounds with a distinctive smoky odor, reddish brown appearance, and acidic pH. PA comprises of complex mixtures of compounds such as phenolics compound (guaiacol, phenol, catechol, syringol), organic acids, aldehyde, ketone, furan, pyran and nitrogen compounds (Wanderley et al., 2012). Various biomass feedstocks from agricultural waste have been reported for the production of PA which includes Oil Palm Fiber (OPF) (Abas et al., 2018), Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) (Ariffin et al., 2017), Citrus Plant (CP) (Bacanli et al., 2015), Coconut Shell (CS) (Wititsiri, 2011), Walnut Shell (WS) (Zhai et al., 2015), Bamboo (B) (Harada et al., 2013), Pineapple Waste (PW) (Mathew et al., 2015), Cotton Stalk (CS) (Wu et al., 2015) just to mention a few.
Innovative industrial technology starts with iodine
Published in Tatsuo Kaiho, Iodine Made Simple, 2017
Until the early twentieth century, pyroligneous acid (wood vinegar) obtained from the dry distillation liquid of wood was used as a raw material for industrial acetic acid. Since then, acetylene obtained from coal and ethylene were progressively used as the petrochemical industry expanded.
Cyto-genotoxicity evaluation of pyroligneous acid using Allium cepa assay
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Anithadevi Kenday Sivaram, Panneerselvan Logeshwaran, Sudharsanam Abinandan, Kannappar Mukunthan, Mallavarapu Megharaj
Pyroligneous acid is a water-based condensate typically comprised of 90% or more water with more than 50 organic chemicals consisting of organic acids, phenols, esters, and alcohols. Depending on the source and the extraction process, the chemical composition of PA can vary with possible effects on its efficacy and toxic potential. Of the chemical mentioned above compounds, the acetic acid is the main constituent (typically around 5%, but up to 20%), whereas other chemicals like phenolics and carbonyls are usually lower in concentration than the acids.[23–25] The predominant chemicals in the studied PA are acetic acid (5.05%) and Phenols (0.15%). Therefore, FT-IR analysis was performed in this study to compare the acetic acid peak in all PA treatments (Fig. 1). The displayed band region of FT-IR spectra exhibited an increase in the absorbance with an increase in PA concentrations at the wavenumbers of 1280 and 1700 cm−1, consistent with what was previously reported as the acetic acid region.[26] The results from the FT-IR analysis confirm that the peak obtained from the 0.05% glacial acetic acid (prepared from the 5% glacial acetic acid stock) matches with 1% PA concentration. Also, with increasing PA concentration, the intensity of the peak increased with an almost near perfect correlation (R2 = 0.99). The peak at 1700 cm−1 is due to vibrational stretching of the C = O signal, which increased with PA concentration, as the carboxylic signal for acetic acid is usually detected in 1745–1758 cm−1. Whereas the region at 1250 cm−1 is due to strong C–O stretching that could be attributed to aromatic ester and other compounds, such as phenol commonly observed in distilled pyroligneous liquor obtained from Eucalyptus grandis.[27] Besides, the reaction of acetic acid in water exhibits a lower frequency band due to the formation of the hydrogen-bonded carbonyl group, which could explain the peak at 1700 cm−1 in this study.[26]