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Introduction to Nanosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
A salt is the product of the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base formed by replacing the hydrogen of an acid with a metal or an electropositive ion, such as the ammonium (NH4+) ion. An example is the sodium chloride (NaCl) salt formed by the reaction between HCl (hydrochloric acid) and NaOH (sodium hydroxide). Similarly, Na2SO4 (sodium sulphate) is produced from H2SO4 (sulfuric acid).
Industrial Wastewater Management
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore
Highly acidic or basic wastewaters are undesirable. They can adversely impact the aquatic life in receiving waters. In addition, they might significantly affect the performance of downstream treatment processes at the plant site or at a POTW. Therefore, in order to rectify these potential problems, one of the most fundamental treatment technologies, the aforementioned neutralization, is employed at industrial facilities. Neutralization involves adding an acid or a base to a wastewater to offset or neutralize the effects of its counterpart in the wastewater flow, namely, adding acids to alkaline wastewaters and bases to acidic wastewaters [4].
Monitoring and Analysis
Published in David H.F. Liu, Béla G. Lipták, Wastewater Treatment, 2020
An important step in wastewater treatment is neutralization. The neutralization process includes the reagent delivery system, the mixing equipment, the reaction and equalization tanks, and the associated controls. In general, a single stirred-reaction vessel can neutralize influents between 4 and 10 pH. If the influent pH varies from 2 to 12 pH, one stirred and one attenuation tanks are needed. If the influent pH drops below 2 or rises above 12 pH, two stirred and one attenuation tanks are needed. Section 9.3 describes these aspects of the overall pH control system. This section discusses only pH measurement probes.
Control of time-delay systems through modified Smith predictor using sliding mode controller
Published in International Journal of Systems Science, 2023
P. Princes Sindhuja, V. Vijayan, Rames C. Panda
Applications of pH neutralisation processes are found in the preparation of specialty chemicals, drugs, pharmaceuticals and effluent treatment processes. The real-time pH process (CSIR-CLRI, Chennai) in the lab setup is shown in Figure 20.