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The Science of Air Pollution
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
Acids and bases are only toxic if they are strong, meaning they are of relatively low or high pH. Exposure to strong acids and strong bases causes respiratory irritation and burning and skin burns. Significant exposure may cause severe burns and even death (USEPA 2021c). Currently, adequate information is not available to evaluate the potential carcinogenic effects of common acids and bases (USEPA 2021c). Ammonia is a common basic chemical widely used as a household cleaning agent and in many industrial applications (ATSDR 2021k). Ammonia is present naturally throughout the environment in air, soil, and water. Exposure to high levels of ammonia may cause lung, skin, and throat irritation. Some people with asthma may react more negatively to the inhalation of ammonia (ATSDR 2021k). Hydrochloric acid (also referred to as hydrogen chloride) is a common acid widely used in industry as a cleaning agent, in the manufacturing of PVC, and in making steel and leather. Hydrochloric acid is also present in humans and other organisms as a gastric acid (ATSDR 2002e) and sometimes exists as an acid mist. This mist may cause skin and lung irritation, and skin burns can occur if you are exposed to a highly concentrated mist for a prolonged period (ATSDR 2002e).
Land Contamination
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
Acids or bases are only toxic if they are strong, meaning they are of relatively low or high pH. Exposure to strong acids and bases causes respiratory irritation and burning and skin burns. Significant exposure may cause severe burns and even death (USEPA 2021c). Currently, adequate information is not available to evaluate the potential carcinogenic effects of common acids and bases (USEPA 2021c). Ammonia is a common basic chemical widely used as a household cleaning agent and in many industrial applications (ATSDR 2018f). Ammonia is present naturally throughout the environment in air, soil, and water. Exposure to high levels of ammonia may cause lung, skin, and throat irritation. Some people with asthma may react more negatively to the inhalation of ammonia (ATSDR 2018f). Hydrochloric acid (also referred to as hydrogen chloride) is a common acid widely used in industry as a cleaning agent, in the manufacturing of PVC, in making steel, and in making leather. Hydrochloric acid is also present in humans and other organisms as a gastric acid and sometimes exists as an acid mist. This mist may cause skin and lung irritation, and skin burns can occur if you are exposed to a highly concentrated mist for a prolonged period (ATSDR 2002b).
Particulates and Gases
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide, 2020
Chemical formulas are a shorthand way of expressing the composition of molecules and the way they react with one another. Hydrochloric acid, the chemical combination of hydrogen and chlorine, is abbreviated as HCl. This is the chemical formula for hydrochloric acid. In this case, there is one atom of hydrogen and one atom of chlorine in every molecule of HCl. If there is more than one identical atom in a molecule, the number is shown as a subscript after the symbol for that atom, as in the chemical formula for sulfuric acid (H2SO4). When writing a chemical formula, one should remember the “Law of Conservation,” which states that matter can be neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Therefore, when writing chemical equations, the same number of atoms on one side of the equation must equal those on the opposite side of the equation. For example, in the case of carbon dioxide, there is one carbon atom that combines with two oxygen atoms. This is illustrated as C(carbon)+O2=CO2
Study of the corrosion and inhibition mechanism for carbon steel and zinc alloys by an eco-friendly inhibitor in acidic solution
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2021
M. Kilo, H. T. Rahal, Mohammad H. El-Dakdouki, A. M. Abdel-Gaber
Corrosion is an economic problem involving the degradation of metals due to chemical or electrochemical reactions in aggressive environments. Corrosion of metals cannot be completely avoided, therefore control expression would be more accurate than prevention. There are many available methods for effective control of corrosion such as corrosion inhibitors currently used to control the corrosion of different metals (Nouri and Attar 2016; Soltani et al. 2016; Seifzadeh et al. 2016; Rahal et al. 2016; Motamedi et al. 2018). Availability, costs, and environmental concerns are the key elements for the proper selection of an inhibitor (Motamedi et al. 2018). These factors have drawn the attention of researchers to the use of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors (Mourya et al. 2014; Akalezi et al. 2016; Khadraoui et al. 2016; Bhuvaneswari et al. 2018; Ganash 2018; Haldhar et al. 2019; Kalaiselvi et al. 2018; Raghavendra and Bhat 2018; Tiwari et al. 2018; Zheng et al. 2018; Agarry et al. 2019; Boumhara et al. 2019; Chung et al. 2019; Ikeuba and Okafor 2019; Abdel-Gaber et al. 2020; Khaled et al. 2020). These extracts are a rich source of natural chemicals (Abdel-Gaber et al. 2006; Onukwuli and Ezeugo 2018) that can be extracted from leaves, seeds, roots, as well as fruits of plants and act as promising corrosion inhibitors for different metals (Liao et al. 2017, 2018; Fouda et al. 2018a; Zheng et al. 2018; Aiboudi et al. 2019; Hedge and Nayak 2019; Omotioma and Onukwuli 2019; Abdel-Gaber et al. 2020). Zinc is a significant non-ferrous metal used in chargeable batteries and steel galvanization for corrosion protection (Khalil 2014; Fouda et al. 2018a, 2018b; Abdallah et al. 2019; Benarioua et al. 2019). Alloy is a metal produced by combining two or more metallic components, especially to provide higher strength or resistance to corrosion. Alloying of zinc with iron-group elements, such as Fe and Ni, improves the corrosion resistance (Yadav et al. 2007; Tozar and Karahan 2014). In the meantime, noble elements such as Mo and W have been reported to improve the corrosion resistance by stabilizing the passive film (Naka et al. 1978). Silicon and phosphorous may result in increased zinc–iron alloying (Porter 1994). The Zn-Ca alloys are very brittle, highly reactive, and spontaneously combustible (Mantell and Hardy 1945). The zinc alloy Zn-Fe-Mo alloy (Winiarski et al. 2018) was used during this study. During the casting of the alloy other impurities such as Cl, Br, and K may be present. Carbon steel is used in the constructions of tanks, pipelines and petroleum refineries, due to its simple construction process and acceptable low cost. Unfortunately, carbon steel and zinc alloys are probably corroded, as are many other metals, particularly in acidic environments. Hydrochloric acid is commonly used in the descaling, cleaning and pickling of metals in industry (Abdel-Gaber et al. 2019; Bidi et al. 2020).