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Mechanisms for Carbon Assimilation and Utilization in Microalgae and Their Metabolites for Value-Added Products
Published in Ashok Kumar, Swati Sharma, 2 Utilization, 2020
Varsha S.S. Vuppaladadiyam, Zenab T. Baig, Abdul F. Soomro, Arun K. Vuppaladadiyam
Some unique properties of proteins from marine microalgae include foam and film-forming capacity, antimicrobial activity, and gel-forming ability. Alongside these, other beneficial effects of proteins from microalgae include hepatoprotective, immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties (Vuppaladadiyam et al. 2018). Microalgal-derived peptides also possess few unique biological activities; anticancer (Razzak et al. 2013) and anti-inflammatory (Kim and Kim 2013) activities are the most important. Polyketides, due to their high commercial value, are recognized as the most important bioactive compounds produced by microalgal family that has a huge contribution to the pharmaceutical industry (Cardozo et al. 2007). These bioactive products find their applications as antibiotic, antifungal, and anti-coccidiosis agents. Furthermore, it was also identified that a majority of polyketides stored in the form of open-chain polyketides and polycyclic ether molecules are potentially toxic and are not suitable for human therapy (Kellmann et al. 2010). Phycobilins, mainly phycoerythrin and phycocyanin, are unique photosynthetic pigments because of their bond with water-soluble proteins to build phycobiliproteins. The most important function of these pigments is to forward the harvested light energy to chlorophylls for photosynthesis (Koller, Muhr, and Braunegg 2014). They are used as chemical tags in research because they bind phycobiliproteins to antibodies. Such microalgal-derived phycobiliproteins by far possess the highest market value (Parmar et al. 2011). Furthermore, these pigments found their applications at industrial level in cosmetics, dairy products, and as food colourants because of their high colouring effects (Arad and Yaron 1992).
Metabolic Engineering for the Production of a Variety of Biofuels and Biochemicals
Published in Kazuyuki Shimizu, Metabolic Regulation and Metabolic Engineering for Biofuel and Biochemical Production, 2017
Polyketides are used as antibiotic, immunosuppressant, antitumor, antifungal and antiparasitic agents. All polyketides are assembled by successive round of decarboxylative condensation between an acyl thioester and a-carboxythioester in a similar way as fatty acid synthesis (Yuzawa et al. 2011). Polyketides are commonly produced from the precursors such as malonyl-CoA and (2S)-methylmalonyl-CoA, where E. coli produces only the former metabolite at the sufficient level to promote polyketide synthesis, and thus some metabolic engineering strategy is required to generate (2S)- methylmalonyl-CoA (Yuzawa et al. 2011).
On Biocatalysis as Resourceful Methodology for Complex Syntheses: Selective Catalysis, Cascades and Biosynthesis
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Andreas Sebastian Klein, Thomas Classen, Jörg Pietruszka
The important groups of neurotoxins avermectins 32 and ivermectins 33 are pesticides and are used to treat ectoparasites (lice, mites and ticks) and nematodes (Pitterna et al., 2009). For the discovery and development of these compounds, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 2015. These natural products are polyketides, which are produced from acyl building blocks by a modularly clustered enzyme machinery. Some avermectins 32 are obtained by fermentation of Streptomyces avermitilis, other derivatives are only chemically addressable.
Properties, toxicity and current applications of the biolarvicide spinosad
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos, Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
The polyketide-derived macrolides of the molecule are synthesized from common building blocks, including acetyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and propionyl-CoA. It is of interest that enhancing the concentration of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA improves the supply of ligand sugars and may contribute to the improvement of spinosad production (Tao et al. 2019). Further, Xue et al. (2013) noted that the polyketides production might be improved through the incorporation of fatty acids during the fermentation process, hence increasing the yield of spinosad production. Thus, the synthesis of spinosyn might be elevated through increased precursor levels with upregulated biosynthesis (Tao et al. 2019).
Eco-benign fungal colorants: sources and applications in textiles
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2020
Fungal polyketides comprise a major group of secondary metabolites endowed with a high degree of structural diversity and various biological activities such as coloring agent, mycotoxins and pharmaceuticals (O'Hagan, 1991). Representative classes of fungal polyketides include anthraquinones, hydroxyanthraquinones, naphthoquinones and azaphilones (Table 1).