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Nanobiosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
The bioactivity, stability, and quantity of the biological recognition elements immobilized on the electrode are important issues in bioelectrochemistry. Biological activity is a parameter expressing the effects of a molecule on living matter. How does immobilization of biomolecules on naked surfaces of materials differ from that on NP surfaces? The adsorption of biomolecules directly onto naked surfaces of bulk materials frequently results in their denaturation and subsequent loss of bioactivity. Denaturation is a process in which the folding structure of a protein is altered due to exposure to certain chemical or physical factors, e.g., heat, acid, solvents, causing it to become biologically inactive. The AuNPs offer excellent candidates for the immobilization platform. The adsorption of biomolecules onto the surfaces of AuNPs retains their bioactivity and stability because of the biocompatibility and the high surface free energy of AuNPs; biocompatibility is the property of not producing a toxic, injurious, or immunological response to living matter. As compared with flat gold surfaces, AuNPs have a much higher surface area, allowing loading of a larger amount of protein, and are potentially more sensitive. Thus, a number of laboratories have explored the contribution of AuNPs for biomolecular immobilization.
Use of Bioremediation in Treatment of Industrial Effluents
Published in Sanjay K. Sharma, Bioremediation, 2019
Since microorganisms are more sensitive and less stable than chemicals, bioreactor systems are being carried out through processes that maintain the desired biological activity and minimize undesired activity. Contaminants that can control biological activity can directly affect the nature of the process, as microorganisms can alter the biochemistry and other properties of organisms due to mutation. Also, analogous to heterogeneous catalysis, deactivation or mortality may occur and promoters or coenzymes influence the kinetics of the bioreactor (Luka et al. 2018).
Further Extensions of Flexibility Analyses
Published in Chuei-Tin Chang, Vincentius Surya Kurnia Adi, Deterministic Flexibility Analysis, 2017
Chuei-Tin Chang, Vincentius Surya Kurnia Adi
Long before anyone understood the concept of bioreaction, humans were enjoying its benefits. Bread, cheese, wine, and beer were all made possible through what was traditionally known as fermentation. It is the control of such processes that concerns chemical engineers today first and foremost. The scope of bioengineering has grown from simple wine-bottle microbiology to the industrialization of not only food production, but also the production of biotechnology's newer products—antibiotics, enzymes, steroidal hormones, vitamins, sugars, and organic acids. Bioreactors differ from the conventional reactors in that they support and control biological entities. As such, bioreactor systems must be designed to provide a higher degree of control over process upsets and contaminations, because the organisms are more sensitive and less stable than chemicals. Biological organisms, by their nature, will mutate, which may alter the biochemistry of the bioreaction or the physical properties of the organism. Analogous to heterogeneous catalysis, deactivation or mortality occur, and promoters or coenzymes influence the kinetics of the bioreaction. Although the majority of fundamental bioreactor engineering and design issues are similar, maintaining the desired biological activity and eliminating or minimizing undesired activities often present a greater challenge than traditional chemical reactors typically require. As an example, let us consider the industrial-scale A–B–E (acetone–butanol–ethanol) fermentation. Butanol has recently been proposed as a gasoline additive, or even as a complete gasoline replacement (Lee et al., 2008). Note that it is superior to ethanol because it has higher energy content, lower volatility, and less corrosiveness (Lee et al., 2008).
Quantitative Analysis of the Structure of Organic Acids and Their Degradation Rates during Ozonation Catalyzed with ZnAl Layered Double Hydroxide
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2023
Yunjing Jin, Liang Li, Liu Yu, Liuqiang Li, Siru Zhang, Yuanxing Huang
The structure of organic pollutants has a direct relationship with their biological activity as well as degradation rates through advanced oxidation processes. The quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) model has been widely applied in the prediction of reaction rates, n-octanol/water distribution coefficients, or biological activity of drugs (Huang, Li, Zheng, Fan, Li 2020). Activation energy is the energy required for a molecule to transform from a normal state to an active state where chemical reactions are prone to occur, and its magnitude can reflect the difficulty of chemical reactions. By establishing the structure–activity relationship between quantum chemical parameters and activated energy for one type of reactions, the parameters with greater correlation were screened out, which might provide a theoretical guidance for the optimization of certain processes (Huang, Yu, Yang, Zhang 2004, Kusic, Rasulev, Leszczynska, Leszczynski, Koprivanac 2009, Lei and Snyder 2007, Sudhakaran and Amy 2013).
Impact of intrauterine exposure to the insecticide coragen on the developmental and genetic toxicity in female albino rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Amel Ramadan Omar, Ahmed Emam Dakrory, Marwa Mohamed Abdelaal, Heba Bassiony
Despite the potential adverse effects of pesticides on the living organisms including human and the environment, they are still widely used in agriculture due to their benefits to control insects-borne diseases, increase agricultural productivity and control of various pests [1,2]. Pesticides could be taken into the body through oral, inhalation or dermal routes after being ingested in food, drinking water, residential or occupational ways [3]. The biological activity and severity of the pesticides’ toxicity impacts are determined by the type of chemical, the dose, the route and the period of exposure [3]. There are numerous chemical classes of pesticides, which may be insecticide, fungicide or herbicide. Ryanodine is a toxic natural alkaloid isolated from plant Ryania speciose and is best used as insecticide [4]. Chemically synthetic ryanodine compounds such as chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole and tetraniliprole, are called diamide insecticides that opens muscular calcium channels [5]. Chlorantraniliprole with 18.5% or 20% SC active ingredient in insecticide, has the trade name coragen, that we have investigated in our study. Coragen is being used to fight various types of flies and their larvae [6–8].
Schiff base complexes, cancer cell lines, and anticancer evaluation: a review
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Sheikh Abdul Majid, Jan Mohammad Mir, Gowhar Jan, Aabid Hussain Shalla
From literature survey it is evident that Schiff base functionality is a significant pharmacophore to induce biological activity. In reference to use as anticancer agent the > C=N works against several cancer cell lines, primarily coordinated form has higher activity. Schiff base metal complexes have shown profound activity in comparison to a range of reference/standard compounds viz., cisplatin, doxorubicin, Sulfo-Rhodamine-B, etc. Metal ion complexes in high oxidation state can undergo intracellular reduction and release anticancer drugs in the reductive environment in cancer cells. Every year a huge number of metallodrugs are reported by researchers for diverse applications. Important concerns like bioconjugation, minimal side-effects and effective antiproliferative designs should be considered. Anticancer drugs showing low IC50 values should be sought and drugs designed so that there should be minimum side effects, lower IC50 value, and also anticarcinogenic applicability against a wide range of cancer cell lines.