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Treatment of Paper and Pulp Industry Effluents
Published in Mihir Kumar Purkait, Piyal Mondal, Chang-Tang Chang, Treatment of Industrial Effluents, 2019
Mihir Kumar Purkait, Piyal Mondal, Chang-Tang Chang
Apart from examining mixed consortia of aerobic and anaerobic microbes for resin acid degradation, many workers have employed pure cultures of several bacteria and some fungi. These include Bacillus spp., E. coli, Flavobacterium spp., Pseudomonas, Acaligenes eutrophus, Anthrobacter, Sphinomonas, Zooglea, Commamonas, Mortierella isabella, Chaetomium cochliolidae, Corticum sasaki, and Fomes annosus (Liss et al., 1997). Many mesophilic bacteria have been isolated and characterized for their ability to degrade resin acids. For instance, Wilson et al. (1996) isolated two species of Pseudomonas, IpA-1 and IpA-2, which were capable of growing on isopimaric acid as the sole carbon source and electron donor. These isolates were also found to grow on pimaric acid and dehydroabietic acid. A comparison of their resin acid removal capacities showed that IpA-1 and IpA-2 removed 0.56 and 0.13 µmol/mg protein per hour. In a related study with bacteria, Morgan and Wyndham (1996) grew Commamonas and Alcaligenes in the presence of 300 mg/L resin acids. They reported that after 8 days of incubation, these bacteria were able to degrade six of the resin acids tested. Genetic relatedness of these strains was also investigated by using enterobacterial, repetitive intergenic consensus sequences to amplify genomic DNA fragments. A few species of fungi have also been reported to possess resin acid degrading properties. For example, Ophiostoma and Lecythophora spp. were grown on lodgepole pine sapwood chips at a concentration of 50 µg mycelium/g wood at 23°C (Wang et al., 1995) and resin acid degradation of up to 67% was obtained.
Effect study of modulation of molecules of natural resin from black and Halepensis pinus in the removal of humidity from diesel fuel
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Constantinos Tsanaktsidis, Adams Stimoniaris, Spiros Bousios, Konstantinos Spinthiropoulos, George Tzilantonis, Apostolos Scaltsoyiannes
Several studies have been carried out on the characterization and composition of P. halepensis oleoresin. The main components are neutral monoterpenes (mostly α-pinene) and diterpene acids. Neutral diterpenes and sesquiterpenes are also present at appreciable to moderate amounts. Several compositions, exhibiting bicyclic diterpenes (labdanes), tricyclic diterpenes (abietanes and pimaranes), and macrocyclic diterpenes (cembranes) as main components have been reported in the literature depending on the pine species and the geographical origins (Sunzel et al. 1997; Coppen et al. 1998; Arrabal et al. 2002; Karanikas et al. 2010) (Figure 2). Only a few studies reported the chemical composition of resins of P. nigra. The chemometric analysis of the P. nigra oleoresin, identified 15 compounds (Figure 2), i.e., eight resinic acids (abietic acid 1, dehydroabietic acid 2, neoabietic acid 3, palustric acid 4, levopimaric acid 5, isopimaric acid 6, pimaric acid 7a, and sandaracopimaric acid 7b), six neutral diterpenes (pimaral 7c, pimarol 7d, isopimaral 8, isocembrol 9a, 4-epi-isocembrol 9b, and cembrene 10), and one monoterpene (α-pinene 11) (Rezzi et al. 2005).