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SIMS: Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Published in Terrance E. Conners, Sujit Banerjee, Surface Analysis of Paper, 2020
Lisa D. Detter-Hoskin, Kenneth L. Busch
Direct analysis of organic compounds in papers by SIMS was the goal of some recent research completed by Bartlett and Busch.20 Control experiments were completed with blank papers to determine the level of background signal for organic compounds that could be extracted from a number of different papers using simple solvent extraction. Paper samples with a diverse geographical origin were analyzed. In each case, the control experiment involved analysis of the extract with positive ion electron ionization mass spectra. Compound identification was accomplished via library search of the measured mass spectra against the standard electron ionization library. To confirm mass assignments, chemical ionization mass spectra were also recorded for these same peaks. For most paper samples, no identifiable organic compounds could be extracted. A few papers were characteristic in the distribution of compounds that could be eluted from them. For instance, paper with one particular geographical origin could be extracted to produce a peak in the gas chromatographic trace that corresponds to any one of several structures (dehydroabietic acid or epidehydroabietic acid). Abietic acid is a common organic acid prepared by isomerization of resin, used in paints and varnishes, and also in paper sizing. Identification of the same compound, but at a different quantitative value, was accomplished in the extract of a second paper produced in a different country. With the exception of the dehydroabietic acid, all of the mass spectral data recorded suggest that no discrete components were extracted from any other paper sample. This is not to conclude that organic compounds cannot be extracted at all (supercritical fluid extraction would be an attractive method). However, the desired experiment is the direct SIMS analysis of the paper, and the sole chance to extract the organic compound from the paper is the placement of a small amount of liquid solvent onto the paper to act as the support matrix in the liquid SIMS (FAB) experiment. In support of the difficulty with which even abietic acid was extracted, direct SIMS analysis (quadrupole mass analyzer, cesium ion gun at 35 keV energy) of the papers that could be shown to contain this compound provided no unambiguous mass spectral evidence for its presence. Known organic compounds purposefully impregnated into the paper to participate in image developments (levels of 1-50 ng/cm2) similarly could not be detected as molecular ions in the direct SIMS analysis of the paper.
Effect study of modulation of molecules of natural resin from black and Halepensis pinus in the removal of humidity from diesel fuel
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Constantinos Tsanaktsidis, Adams Stimoniaris, Spiros Bousios, Konstantinos Spinthiropoulos, George Tzilantonis, Apostolos Scaltsoyiannes
Several studies have been carried out on the characterization and composition of P. halepensis oleoresin. The main components are neutral monoterpenes (mostly α-pinene) and diterpene acids. Neutral diterpenes and sesquiterpenes are also present at appreciable to moderate amounts. Several compositions, exhibiting bicyclic diterpenes (labdanes), tricyclic diterpenes (abietanes and pimaranes), and macrocyclic diterpenes (cembranes) as main components have been reported in the literature depending on the pine species and the geographical origins (Sunzel et al. 1997; Coppen et al. 1998; Arrabal et al. 2002; Karanikas et al. 2010) (Figure 2). Only a few studies reported the chemical composition of resins of P. nigra. The chemometric analysis of the P. nigra oleoresin, identified 15 compounds (Figure 2), i.e., eight resinic acids (abietic acid 1, dehydroabietic acid 2, neoabietic acid 3, palustric acid 4, levopimaric acid 5, isopimaric acid 6, pimaric acid 7a, and sandaracopimaric acid 7b), six neutral diterpenes (pimaral 7c, pimarol 7d, isopimaral 8, isocembrol 9a, 4-epi-isocembrol 9b, and cembrene 10), and one monoterpene (α-pinene 11) (Rezzi et al. 2005).
A comprehensive review of sustainable approaches for synthetic lubricant components
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Jessica Pichler, Rosa Maria Eder, Charlotte Besser, Lucia Pisarova, Nicole Dörr, Martina Marchetti-Deschmann, Marcella Frauscher
Synthetic esters do not only act as a base oil but can also be applied as additives. A pentaerythritol rosin ester (PRE) is synthesized from abietic acid, an abundant renewable natural resource, to act as an environmentally friendly multifunctional additive in rapeseed and soybean oil. In blends with 20 wt.% PRE, the onset temperature of oxidation as well as the oxidation induction time are increased significantly, which proves the potential of PRE as a substitute to common additives in eco-friendly bio-based lubricants (154).