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Inherent FR Fibers
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
Phenolic fibers (Novoloid fibers) are highly flame retardant with ignition temperature above 2,500°C. These fibers are obtained by spinning and postcuring phenol-formaldehyde resin precondensate. The fiber is soft and golden colored, with moisture regain of 6%. When strongly heated or placed in an open flame, the phenolic fabric is slowly carbonized, with a resulting loss of strength at high temperature. A new phenolic fiber, Philene was developed in France. This new fiber was said to have outstanding flame resistance and had been recommended as a precursor to general purpose carbon fibers. Philene is a highly cross-linked phenolic resin (resit), and is an aromatic glassy polymer with a high carbon content of 72% by weight. The moisture regain of the fiber is 7.3% and it is said to be nonflammable and self-extinguishing with an LOI of 39%. It does not show any change in tensile properties after being heated for 24h at 140°C or for 6h at 200°C (Bajaj, 1992).
B
Published in Splinter Robert, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Applied and Engineering Physics, 2017
[biomedical, solid-state] Polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, one of the first synthetic plastics. Bakelite is strong and temperature resistant to high temperatures. The chemical basis is thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin. Bakelite is formed resulting from an elimination reaction of formaldehyde with phenol, combined with strengtheners such as wood pulp or cellulose. It is a composite material designed in 1907 and commercially introduced in 1939. Due to its mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, bakelite is used in various consumer items (e.g., rotor for distributor in car), poker chips, billiard balls, and chess pieces, as well as in medical devices in its early days, and still is to a lesser degree. The name was derived from the Belgian inventor Leo Henricus Arthur Baekeland (1863–1944) (see Figure B.7).
Biological Treatment of Chlorinated Phenols Using a Rotating Biological Contactor
Published in John M. Bell, Proceedings of the 43rd Industrial Waste Conference May 10, 11, 12, 1988, 1989
More recently, Huang, et al.8 studied the RBC treatment of phenol-formaldehyde resin wastewaters. They used pilotscale RBC’s and various influent phenol levels (in some cases as high as 600 mg/L) in their studies. They reported average phenol removal rates above 99%, and COD removal efficiencies varied from 67 to 83%.
Effects of working time on properties of a soybean meal-based adhesive for engineered wood flooring
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2022
Zongxing Sun, Ziwen Chang, Yumei Bai, Zhenhua Gao
Formaldehyde-based synthetic resins such as urea-formaldehyde resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, and melamine-formaldehyde resin are still predominately used in wood-based composites owing to their low cost, good bonding properties, and acceptable water resistance. However, these synthetic resins and their derivatives may release free formaldehyde, which is classified as a potential carcinogen for humans, during their production and application.[1,2] With growing environmental concerns and the upgrading of environmental standards, soybean protein or soybean meal (SM) flour is being reconsidered as an ideal raw material for wood adhesives in the last 15 years owing to its abundance, renewability, and environmental friendliness.[2,3] The recently commercialized soybean-based adhesives in the United States and China are commonly composed of two components: fine SM flour with a particle size of 100 mesh or smaller as a protein source owing to its low cost, and a polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) aqueous solution as a crosslinker and disperser as it has a low viscosity and is formaldehyde free and a good dispersion medium for SM flour.[4]These two components are stored separately and mechanically blended at room temperature to prepare the adhesive before use. During hot pressing, the soybean protein and PAE resin undergo crosslinking reactions to form networks.[5–7]These SM-based adhesives (SMAs) are used for manufacturing commercial wood products such as plywood, blockboard (a core plywood according to European Standard EN 313–2) and particleboard owing to their good bond strength, acceptable viscosity, and significantly improved water resistance (the bonded wood-based composites can withstand soaking in water at 63°C and even water boiling tests). [6–9]
5-Hydroxymethyl furfural modified melamine glyoxal resin
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2020
Xuedong Xi, Jingjing Liao, Antonio Pizzi, Christine Gerardin, Siham Amirou, Luc Delmotte
Formaldehyde-based resins such as urea-formaldehyde resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin or melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin, are widely used in the wood industry to produce plywood, medium density fiberboard, particleboard, and impregnated paper surface overlays.[1,2] The use of formaldehyde for these resins, and its emission from bonded panels, has now become problematic as this chemical is considered toxic and possibly carcinogenic. In order to overcome this problem, the use of other aldehydes to replace formaldehyde is an effective method.[3,4,5,6]